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Psychometric tests, traditionally used to assess humans, are now being applied to Large Language Models (LLMs) to evaluate their behavioral traits. However, existing studies follow a context-free approach, answering each question in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Jivnesh Sandhan , Fei Cheng , Tushar Sandhan , Yugo Murawaki

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit emerging in-context learning abilities through prompt engineering. The recent progress in large-scale generative models has further expanded their use in real-world language applications. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Linyi Yang , Shuibai Zhang , Zhuohao Yu , Guangsheng Bao , Yidong Wang , Jindong Wang , Ruochen Xu , Wei Ye , Xing Xie , Weizhu Chen , Yue Zhang

Are Large language models (LLMs) temporally grounded? Since LLMs cannot perceive and interact with the environment, it is impossible to answer this question directly. Instead, we provide LLMs with textual narratives and probe them with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yifu Qiu , Zheng Zhao , Yftah Ziser , Anna Korhonen , Edoardo M. Ponti , Shay B. Cohen

Knowledge editing (KE) methods offer an efficient way to modify knowledge in large language models. Current KE evaluations typically assess editing success by considering only the edited knowledge without any preceding contexts. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Haewon Park , Gyubin Choi , Minjun Kim , Yohan Jo

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit outstanding performance in machine translation via in-context learning. In contrast to sentence-level translation, document-level translation (DOCMT) by LLMs based on in-context learning faces two major…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Menglong Cui , Jiangcun Du , Shaolin Zhu , Deyi Xiong

Current large speech language models (Speech-LLMs) often exhibit limitations in empathetic reasoning, primarily due to the absence of training datasets that integrate both contextual content and paralinguistic cues. In this work, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Qiongqiong Wang , Hardik B. Sailor , Jeremy H. M. Wong , Tianchi Liu , Shuo Sun , Wenyu Zhang , Muhammad Huzaifah , Nancy Chen , Ai Ti Aw

Large language models (LLMs) acquire knowledge across diverse domains such as science, history, and geography encountered during generative pre-training. However, due to their stochasticity, it is difficult to predict what LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kartik Sharma , Yiqiao Jin , Rakshit Trivedi , Srijan Kumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in natural language processing tasks by leveraging chain of thought (CoT) that enables step-by-step thinking. Extending LLMs with multimodal capabilities is the recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Debjyoti Mondal , Suraj Modi , Subhadarshi Panda , Rituraj Singh , Godawari Sudhakar Rao

Equipped with Chain-of-Thought (CoT), Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive reasoning ability in various downstream tasks. Even so, suffering from hallucinations and the inability to access external knowledge, LLMs often come…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Keheng Wang , Feiyu Duan , Sirui Wang , Peiguang Li , Yunsen Xian , Chuantao Yin , Wenge Rong , Zhang Xiong

Language Models are the underpin of all modern Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. The introduction of the Transformers architecture has contributed significantly into making Language Modeling very effective across many NLP task,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Nikolaos Stylianou , Ioannis Vlahavas

Computer vision has benefited from initializing multiple deep layers with weights pretrained on large supervised training sets like ImageNet. Natural language processing (NLP) typically sees initialization of only the lowest layer of deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-21 Bryan McCann , James Bradbury , Caiming Xiong , Richard Socher

While explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) equips Large Language Models (LLMs) with strong reasoning capabilities, it requires models to verbalize every intermediate step in text tokens, constraining the model thoughts to the discrete vocabulary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Weihao Liu , Dehai Min , Lu Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, especially when guided by explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning that verbalizes intermediate steps. While CoT improves both interpretability and accuracy,…

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting has been extended to large audio-language models (LALMs) to elicit reasoning, yet enhancing its effectiveness without training remains challenging. We study inference-time model steering as a training-free…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Lok-Lam Ieong , Chia-Chien Chen , Chih-Kai Yang , Yu-Han Huang , An-Yu Cheng , Hung-yi Lee

Pretrained language models (PLMs) have motivated research on what kinds of knowledge these models learn. Fill-in-the-blanks problem (e.g., cloze tests) is a natural approach for gauging such knowledge. BioLAMA generates prompts for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Zonghai Yao , Yi Cao , Zhichao Yang , Hong Yu

Characterizing a large language model's (LLM's) knowledge of a given question is challenging. As a result, prior work has primarily examined LLM behavior under knowledge conflicts, where the model's internal parametric memory contradicts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yuxin Xiao , Shan Chen , Jack Gallifant , Danielle Bitterman , Thomas Hartvigsen , Marzyeh Ghassemi

In-context learning is fundamental to modern Large Language Models (LLMs); however, prevailing architectures impose a rigid and fixed contextual structure by assigning linear or constant positional indices. Drawing on Cognitive Load Theory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Huayang Li , Tianyu Zhao , Deng Cai , Richard Sproat

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) require post-training methods such as supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on instruction-response pairs to enable instruction following. However, this process can potentially harm existing capabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yihan Wang , Andrew Bai , Nanyun Peng , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capability in different tasks and are bringing transformative changes to many domains. However, keeping the knowledge in LLMs up-to-date remains a challenge once pretraining is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Xiou Ge , Ali Mousavi , Edouard Grave , Armand Joulin , Kun Qian , Benjamin Han , Mostafa Arefiyan , Yunyao Li

Reasoning-enhanced large language models (RLLMs), whether explicitly trained for reasoning or prompted via chain-of-thought (CoT), have achieved state-of-the-art performance on many complex reasoning tasks. However, we uncover a surprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Xiaomin Li , Zhou Yu , Zhiwei Zhang , Xupeng Chen , Ziji Zhang , Yingying Zhuang , Narayanan Sadagopan , Anurag Beniwal