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Identifiers make up a majority of the text in code. They are one of the most basic mediums through which developers describe the code they create and understand the code that others create. Therefore, understanding the patterns latent in…

Existing leading code comment generation approaches with the structure-to-sequence framework ignores the type information of the interpretation of the code, e.g., operator, string, etc. However, introducing the type information into the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-07 Ruichu Cai , Zhihao Liang , Boyan Xu , Zijian Li , Yuexing Hao , Yao Chen

With the growing prevalence of large language models, it is increasingly common to annotate datasets for machine learning using pools of crowd raters. However, these raters often work in isolation as individual crowdworkers. In this work,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Sonja Schmer-Galunder , Ruta Wheelock , Scott Friedman , Alyssa Chvasta , Zaria Jalan , Emily Saltz

Natural Language Processing (NLP) aims to analyze text or speech via techniques in the computer science field. It serves applications in the domains of healthcare, commerce, education, and so on. Particularly, NLP has been widely applied to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yunshi Lan , Xinyuan Li , Hanyue Du , Xuesong Lu , Ming Gao , Weining Qian , Aoying Zhou

Examining the effect of different encoding techniques on entity and context embeddings, the goal of this work is to challenge commonly used Ordinal encoding for tabular learning. Applying different preprocessing methods and network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Fredy Reusser

The annotation of music content is a complex process to represent due to its inherent multifaceted, subjectivity, and interdisciplinary nature. Numerous systems and conventions for annotating music have been developed as independent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Jacopo de Berardinis , Albert Meroño-Peñuela , Andrea Poltronieri , Valentina Presutti

The annotation of textual information is a fundamental activity in Linguistics and Computational Linguistics. This article presents various observations on annotations. It approaches the topic from several angles including Hypertext,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Georg Rehm

The lack of contextual information in text data can make the annotation process of text-based emotion classification datasets challenging. As a result, such datasets often contain labels that fail to consider all the relevant emotions in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Daniel Yang , Aditya Kommineni , Mohammad Alshehri , Nilamadhab Mohanty , Vedant Modi , Jonathan Gratch , Shrikanth Narayanan

Observation of classroom interactions can provide concrete feedback to teachers, but current methods rely on manual annotation, which is resource-intensive and hard to scale. This work explores AI-driven analysis of classroom recordings,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Ivo Bueno , Ruikun Hou , Babette Bühler , Tim Fütterer , James Drimalla , Jonathan Kyle Foster , Peter Youngs , Peter Gerjets , Ulrich Trautwein , Enkelejda Kasneci

Data scarcity is one of the main problems when it comes to real-world applications of transformer-based models. This is especially evident for task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems, which require specialized datasets, that are usually not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sebastian Steindl , Ulrich Schäfer , Bernd Ludwig

Annotated data has become the most important bottleneck in training accurate machine learning models, especially for areas that require domain expertise. A recent approach to deal with the above issue proposes using natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Yannis Papanikolaou

Teaching collaborative argumentation is an advanced skill that many K-12 teachers struggle to develop. To address this, we have developed Discussion Tracker, a classroom discussion analytics system based on novel algorithms for classifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Luca Lugini , Christopher Olshefski , Ravneet Singh , Diane Litman , Amanda Godley

We conducted a systematic literature review on automated grading and feedback tools for programming education. We analysed 121 research papers from 2017 to 2021 inclusive and categorised them based on skills assessed, approach, language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Marcus Messer , Neil C. C. Brown , Michael Kölling , Miaojing Shi

Situated in the intersection of audiovisual archives, computational methods, and immersive interactions, this work probes the increasingly important accessibility issues from a two-fold approach. Firstly, the work proposes an ontological…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Yuchen Yang

Text corpora annotated with language-related properties are an important resource for the development of Language Technology. The current work contributes a new resource for Chinese Language Technology and for Chinese-English translation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Wanqiu Long , Xinyi Cai , James E. M. Reid , Bonnie Webber , Deyi Xiong

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems enable users to achieve their goals through natural language interactions. Traditionally, these systems have relied on turn-level manually annotated metadata, such as dialogue states and policy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Adib Mosharrof , A. B. Siddique

Identifying breakdowns in ongoing dialogues helps to improve communication effectiveness. Most prior work on this topic relies on human annotated data and data augmentation to learn a classification model. While quality labeled dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Qian Lin , Hwee Tou Ng

This paper focuses on the piloting of CyberScholar, a Generative AI assistant tool that aims to provide formative feedback on writing in K-12 contexts. Specifically, this study explores how students worked with CyberScholar in diverse…

We propose a simple yet effective method to compress an RNN-Transducer (RNN-T) through the well-known knowledge distillation paradigm. We show that the transducer's encoder outputs naturally have a high entropy and contain rich information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Rupak Vignesh Swaminathan , Brian King , Grant P. Strimel , Jasha Droppo , Athanasios Mouchtaris

Producing the required amounts of training data for machine learning and NLP tasks often involves human annotators doing very repetitive and monotonous work. In this paper, we present and evaluate our novel annotation framework DALPHI,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Robert Greinacher , Franziska Horn