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A foundational requirement of a deployed ML model is to generalize to data drawn from a testing distribution that is different from training. A popular solution to this problem is to adapt a pre-trained model to novel domains using only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Kowshik Thopalli , Pavan Turaga , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is an emerging paradigm that addresses distributional shifts between training and testing phases without additional data acquisition or labeling cost; only unlabeled test data streams are used for continual model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Taesik Gong , Jongheon Jeong , Taewon Kim , Yewon Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Sung-Ju Lee

Representation learning for time series using contrastive learning has emerged as a critical technique for improving the performance of downstream tasks. To advance this effective approach, we introduce CaTT (\textit{Contrast All The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Abdul-Kazeem Shamba , Kerstin Bach , Gavin Taylor

A deployed question answering (QA) model can easily fail when the test data has a distribution shift compared to the training data. Robustness tuning (RT) methods have been widely studied to enhance model robustness against distribution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Hai Ye , Yuyang Ding , Juntao Li , Hwee Tou Ng

Instruction tuning of language models has demonstrated the ability to enhance model generalization to unseen tasks via in-context learning using a few examples. However, typical supervised learning still requires a plethora of downstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Himanshu Gupta , Saurabh Arjun Sawant , Swaroop Mishra , Mutsumi Nakamura , Arindam Mitra , Santosh Mashetty , Chitta Baral

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) allows to update pre-trained models to changing data distributions at deployment time. While early work tested these algorithms for individual fixed distribution shifts, recent work proposed and applied methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Ori Press , Steffen Schneider , Matthias Kümmerer , Matthias Bethge

In this paper, we propose Test-Time Training, a general approach for improving the performance of predictive models when training and test data come from different distributions. We turn a single unlabeled test sample into a self-supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Yu Sun , Xiaolong Wang , Zhuang Liu , John Miller , Alexei A. Efros , Moritz Hardt

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt models to maintain reliable performance on non-stationary test streams without requiring labeled data. Despite its empirical success, the learnability of TTA under non-stationary streams remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhi Zhou , Ming Yang , Shi-Yu Tian , Kun-Yang Yu , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

Multi-task learning (MTL) is an active field in deep learning in which we train a model to jointly learn multiple tasks by exploiting relationships between the tasks. It has been shown that MTL helps the model share the learned features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Akihiro Nakano , Shi Chen , Kazuyuki Demachi

Continual Learning (CL) empowers AI models to continuously learn from sequential task streams. Recently, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT)-based CL methods have garnered increasing attention due to their superior performance. They…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Lingfeng He , De Cheng , Zhiheng Ma , Huaijie Wang , Dingwen Zhang , Nannan Wang , Xinbo Gao

Traditional test-time training (TTT) methods, while addressing domain shifts, often assume a consistent class set, limiting their applicability in real-world scenarios characterized by infinite variety. Open-World Test-Time Training (OWTTT)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Houcheng Su , Mengzhu Wang , Jiao Li , Bingli Wang , Daixian Liu , Zeheng Wang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) enables pre-trained models to adapt to continuously evolving domains. Existing methods have improved robustness but typically rely on fixed or batch-level thresholds, which cannot account for varying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Seunghwan Lee , Inyoung Jung , Hojoon Lee , Eunil Park , Sungeun Hong

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables pre-trained models to adjust to distribution shift by learning from unlabeled test-time streams. However, existing methods typically treat these streams as independent samples, overlooking the supervisory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Young Kyung Kim , Oded Schlesinger , Qiangqiang Wu , J. Matías Di Martino , Guillermo Sapiro

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a model, initially trained on training data, to test data with potential distribution shifts. Most existing TTA methods focus on classification problems. The pronounced success of classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Chang'an Yi , Haotian Chen , Yifan Zhang , Yonghui Xu , Yan Zhou , Lizhen Cui

Pretrained vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP show strong zero-shot performance but struggle with generalization under distribution shifts. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting VLMs to unlabeled test data in new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hamidreza Dastmalchi , Aijun An , Ali cheraghian

Monitoring the growth of subcortical regions of the fetal brain in ultrasound (US) images can help identify the presence of abnormal development. Manually segmenting these regions is a challenging task, but recent work has shown that it can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Joshua Omolegan , Pak Hei Yeung , Madeleine K. Wyburd , Linde Hesse , Monique Haak , Intergrowth-21st Consortium , Ana I. L. Namburete , Nicola K. Dinsdale

Text understanding often suffers from domain shifts. To handle testing domains, domain adaptation (DA) is trained to adapt to a fixed and observed testing domain; a more challenging paradigm, test-time adaptation (TTA), cannot access the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianlun Liu , Zhiliang Tian , Zhen Huang , Xingzhi Zhou , Wanlong Yu , Tianle Liu , Feng Liu , Dongsheng Li

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has increasingly been an important topic to efficiently tackle the cross-domain distribution shift at test time for medical images from different institutions. Previous TTA methods have a common limitation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Hongzheng Yang , Cheng Chen , Meirui Jiang , Quande Liu , Jianfeng Cao , Pheng Ann Heng , Qi Dou

Multilingual proficiency presents a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs). English-centric models are usually suboptimal in other languages, particularly those that are linguistically distant from English. This performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Geyu Lin , Bin Wang , Zhengyuan Liu , Nancy F. Chen

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances the zero-shot robustness under distribution shifts by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. Despite notable advances, several challenges still limit its broader applicability. First, most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Youjia Zhang , Youngeun Kim , Young-Geun Choi , Hongyeob Kim , Huiling Liu , Sungeun Hong