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Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models are a powerful paradigm for generalist robotic control. However, their high computational cost and limited control frequency hinder real-time robotic manipulation, especially when large vision-language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ye Li , Huanan Liu , Kangye Ji , Yuan Meng , Jiajun Fan , Yuansong Wang , Shiyu Qin , Chenglei Wu , Shu-Tao Xia , Zhi Wang

The goal of this paper is to improve the performance and reliability of vision-language-action (VLA) models through iterative online interaction. Since collecting policy rollouts in the real world is expensive, we investigate whether a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yanjiang Guo , Tony Lee , Lucy Xiaoyang Shi , Jianyu Chen , Percy Liang , Chelsea Finn

Achieving truly adaptive embodied intelligence requires agents that learn not just by imitating static demonstrations, but by continuously improving through environmental interaction, which is akin to how humans master skills through…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Zechen Bai , Chen Gao , Mike Zheng Shou

The Visual-Language-Action (VLA) models can follow text instructions according to visual observations of the surrounding environment. This ability to map multimodal inputs to actions is derived from the training of the VLA model on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jinyue Bian , Zhaoxing Zhang , Zhengyu Liang , Shiwei Zheng , Shengtao Zhang , Rong Shen , Chen Yang , Anzhou Hou

Tactile feedback is generally recognized to be crucial for effective interaction with the physical world. However, state-of-the-art Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models lack the ability to interpret and use tactile signals, limiting their…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Jianxin Bi , Kevin Yuchen Ma , Ce Hao , Mike Zheng Shou , Harold Soh

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models trained via imitation learning suffer from significant performance degradation in data-scarce scenarios due to their reliance on large-scale demonstration datasets. Although reinforcement learning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Junjin Xiao , Yandan Yang , Xinyuan Chang , Ronghan Chen , Feng Xiong , Mu Xu , Wei-Shi Zheng , Qing Zhang

Job scheduling is widely used in real-world manufacturing systems to assign ordered job operations to machines under various constraints. Existing solutions remain limited by long running time or insufficient schedule quality, especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Zhengyi Kwan , Wei Zhang , Aik Beng Ng , Zhengkui Wang , Simon See

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their potential as planners in human-robot collaboration (HRC) scenarios, offering a promising alternative to traditional planning methods. LLMs, which can generate…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Afagh Mehri Shervedani , Matthew R. Walter , Milos Zefran

Recent vision-language-action models (VLAs) build upon pretrained vision-language models and leverage diverse robot datasets to demonstrate strong task execution, language following ability, and semantic generalization. Despite these…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Moo Jin Kim , Chelsea Finn , Percy Liang

Reinforcement learning (RL) can refine Vision-Language-Action (VLA) policies beyond behavior cloning, but real-world RL remains expensive due to extensive rollouts, resets, supervision, and safety risks. Action-conditioned video world…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaokang Liu , Zechen Bai , Hai Ci , Kevin Yuchen Ma , Mike Zheng Shou

Designing robotic agents to perform open vocabulary tasks has been the long-standing goal in robotics and AI. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in creating robotic agents for performing open vocabulary…

Recent studies on Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have shifted from the end-to-end action-generation paradigm toward a pipeline involving task planning followed by action generation, demonstrating improved performance on various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Chongkai Gao , Zixuan Liu , Zhenghao Chi , Junshan Huang , Xin Fei , Yiwen Hou , Yuxuan Zhang , Yudi Lin , Zhirui Fang , Zeyu Jiang , Lin Shao

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models enable robots to perform manipulation tasks directly from natural language instructions and are increasingly viewed as a foundation for generalist robotic policies. However, their reliability under…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Ninghao Zhang , Bin Zhu , Shijie Zhou , Jingjing Chen

Current vision-language-action (VLA) models, pre-trained on large-scale robotic data, exhibit strong multi-task capabilities and generalize well to variations in visual and language instructions for manipulation. However, their success rate…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Han Zhao , Jiaxuan Zhang , Wenxuan Song , Pengxiang Ding , Donglin Wang

Developing robust and correctable visuomotor policies for robotic manipulation is challenging due to the lack of self-recovery mechanisms from failures and the limitations of simple language instructions in guiding robot actions. To address…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Yinpei Dai , Jayjun Lee , Nima Fazeli , Joyce Chai

To facilitate the wider adoption of robotics, accessible programming tools are required for non-experts. Observational learning enables intuitive human skills transfer through hands-on demonstrations, but relying solely on visual input can…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Elena Merlo , Marta Lagomarsino , Arash Ajoudani

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained popularity in task planning for long-horizon manipulation tasks. To enhance the validity of LLM-generated plans, visual demonstrations and online videos have been widely employed to guide the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Kejia Chen , Zheng Shen , Yue Zhang , Lingyun Chen , Fan Wu , Zhenshan Bing , Sami Haddadin , Alois Knoll

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models convert high-level language instructions into concrete, executable actions, a task that is especially challenging in open-world environments. We present Visual Foresight Planning (ForeAct), a general and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Zhuoyang Zhang , Shang Yang , Qinghao Hu , Luke J. Huang , James Hou , Yufei Sun , Yao Lu , Song Han

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities in natural language processing but face catastrophic forgetting when learning new tasks, where adaptation to a new domain leads to a substantial decline in performance on previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Yuheng Lu , Bingshuo Qian , Caixia Yuan , Huixing Jiang , Xiaojie Wang

Vision-language-action (VLA) reasoning tasks require agents to interpret multimodal instructions, perform long-horizon planning, and act adaptively in dynamic environments. Existing approaches typically train VLA models in an end-to-end…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Chi-Pin Huang , Yueh-Hua Wu , Min-Hung Chen , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang , Fu-En Yang