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Intelligent Tutoring Systems often grant learners shared control over skill and problem selection. This choice brings motivational and metacognitive benefits. At the same time, past literature suggests that learners exhibit diverse…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Haley Noh , Aarna Chowdhary , Jeroen Ooge , Vincent Aleven , Conrad Borchers

In the realm of Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), the accurate assessment of students' knowledge states through Knowledge Tracing (KT) is crucial for personalized learning. However, due to data bias, $\textit{i.e.}$, the unbalanced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yiyun Zhou , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Jingyuan Chen

Recent advances in deep learning have significantly improved predictive accuracy. However, modern neural networks remain systematically overconfident, posing risks for deployment in safety-critical scenarios. Current post-hoc calibration…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Haolan Guo , Linwei Tao , Haoyang Luo , Minjing Dong , Chang Xu

We fine-tuned and compared several encoder-based Transformer large language models (LLM) to predict differential item functioning (DIF) from the item text. We then applied explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods to these models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Hotaka Maeda , Yikai Lu

The item cold-start problem is crucial for online recommender systems, as the success of the cold-start phase determines whether items can transition into popular ones. Prompt learning, a powerful technique used in natural language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Yuezihan Jiang , Gaode Chen , Wenhan Zhang , Jingchi Wang , Yinjie Jiang , Qi Zhang , Jingjian Lin , Peng Jiang , Kaigui Bian

Sequential, multiple assignment randomized trials (SMARTs), which assist in the optimization of adaptive interventions, are growing in popularity in education and behavioral sciences. This is unsurprising, as adaptive interventions reflect…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-26 Timothy Lycurgus , Amy Kilbourne , Daniel Almirall

Accuracy-based evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) measures benchmark-specific performance rather than underlying medical competency: it treats all questions as equally informative, conflates model ability with item characteristics,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zhimeng Luo , Lixin Wu , Adam Frisch , Daqing He

In this paper we model the problem of learning preferences of a population as an active learning problem. We propose an algorithm can adaptively choose pairs of items to show to users coming from a heterogeneous population, and use the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-06-23 Aniruddha Bhargava , Ravi Ganti , Robert Nowak

Estimating student proficiency is an important task for computer based learning systems. We compare a family of IRT-based proficiency estimation methods to Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), a recently proposed recurrent neural network model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Kevin H. Wilson , Yan Karklin , Bojian Han , Chaitanya Ekanadham

Adaptive learning systems can produce substantial learning gains, yet many students engage for too brief or too superficial a period to benefit. A central obstacle is measuring effort. Effort during multi-step problem solving is rarely…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Conrad Borchers , Lijin Zhang , Kexin Yang , Tomohiro Nagashima , Benjamin W. Domingue

Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing education, with LLM-based agents playing a key role in simulating student behavior. A major challenge in student simulation is modeling the diverse learning patterns of students at various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Tao Wu , Jingyuan Chen , Wang Lin , Mengze Li , Yumeng Zhu , Ang Li , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu

Conversational recommendation system (CRS) is able to obtain fine-grained and dynamic user preferences based on interactive dialogue. Previous CRS assumes that the user has a clear target item. However, for many users who resort to CRS,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Yiming Zhang , Lingfei Wu , Qi Shen , Yitong Pang , Zhihua Wei , Fangli Xu , Bo Long , Jian Pei

Prompt learning has emerged as a promising method for adapting pre-trained visual-language models (VLMs) to a range of downstream tasks. While optimizing the context can be effective for improving performance on specific tasks, it can often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Fangming Cui , Jan Fong , Rongfei Zeng , Xinmei Tian , Jun Yu

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly boosted performance in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the deployment of high-performance LLMs incurs substantial costs, primarily due to the increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Saehan Jo , Immanuel Trummer

This study investigated potential scoring biases and disparities toward English Language Learners (ELLs) when using automatic scoring systems for middle school students' written responses to science assessments. We specifically focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Shuchen Guo , Yun Wang , Jichao Yu , Xuansheng Wu , Bilgehan Ayik , Field M. Watts , Ehsan Latif , Ninghao Liu , Lei Liu , Xiaoming Zhai

Identifying logical errors in complex, incomplete or even contradictory and overall heterogeneous data like students' experimentation protocols is challenging. Recognizing the limitations of current evaluation methods, we investigate the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Arne Bewersdorff , Kathrin Seßler , Armin Baur , Enkelejda Kasneci , Claudia Nerdel

Active learning is commonly used to train label-efficient models by adaptively selecting the most informative queries. However, most active learning strategies are designed to either learn a representation of the data (e.g., embedding or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Namrata Nadagouda , Austin Xu , Mark A. Davenport

The adaptation of teaching slides to instructors' situated teaching needs, including pedagogical styles and their students' context, is a critical yet time-consuming task for educators. Through a series of educator interviews, we first…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Binglin Liu , Yucheng Wang , Zheyuan Zhang , Jiyuan Lu , Shen Yang , Daniel Zhang-Li , Huiqin Liu , Jifan Yu

Spreadsheets are one of the most widely used tools for end users. As a result, spreadsheets such as Excel are now included in many curricula. However, digital solutions for assessing spreadsheet assignments are still scarce in the teaching…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Sören Aguirre Reid , Frank Kammer , Jonas-Ian Kuche , Pia-Doreen Ritzke , Markus Siepermann , Max Stephan , Armin Wagenknecht

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in education raises profound challenges for assessment design. To adapt assessments to the presence of LLM-based tools, it is crucial to characterize the strengths and weaknesses of LLMs in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Licol Zeinfeld , Alona Strugatski , Ziva Bar-Dov , Ron Blonder , Shelley Rap , Giora Alexandron