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The shift from synchronous generators to inverter-based resources has caused power system inertia to be unevenly distributed across power grids. As a result, certain grid regions are more vulnerable to high rate-of-change of frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Saurav Dulal , Mohammed M. Olama , Ali R. Ekti , Nils M. Stenvig , Yilu Liu

This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

In this paper, we demonstrate the fragility of decentralized load-side frequency algorithms proposed in [1] against stochastic parametric uncertainty in power network model. The stochastic parametric uncertainty is motivated through the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-02-20 Sai Pushpak , Umesh Vaidya

A large share of renewable energy sources integrated into the national grids and an increased interconnection capacity with asynchronous networks, are the main contributors in reducing the kinetic energy storage in the Nordic Power System.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-30 Matas Dijokas , Danilo Obradovic , Georgios Misyris , Tilman Weckesser , Thierry Van Cutsem

This paper compares the impact of different conventional and emerging technologies and control strategies on frequency quality. We study, in particular, the long-term dynamic performance of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

In this paper, low-order models of the frequency and voltage response of mixed-generation, low-inertia systems are presented. These models are unique in their ability to efficiently and accurately model frequency and voltage dynamics…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-07 Marena Trujillo , Amir Sajadi , Jonathan Shaw , Bri-Mathias Hodge

The output impedance matrix of a grid-connected converter plays an important role in analyzing system stability. Due to the dynamics of the DC-link control and the phase locked loop (PLL), the output impedance matrices of the converter and…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-06-20 Huanhai Xin , Ziheng Li , Wei Dong , Leiqi Zhang , Zhen Wang , Jian Zhao

With more and more distributed energy resources (DERs) deployed in Integrated Energy Systems (IESs), frequency stability challenges the pursuit of reliability and efficiency. This paper proposes a fully-distributed frequency control method…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-27 Xin Qin , Xuan Zhang , Xinwei Shen , Yinliang Xu , Mohammad Shahidehpour , Hongbin Sun

To maintain frequency stability in decarbonized power systems, inertia services from synchronous generators (SGs) and inverter-based resources must be procured. However, designing an inertia-aware system operation poses significant…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-19 HyunJoong Kim , Jip Kim

The growing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the complexity of the power system due to their intermittent characteristics and lower inertial response, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind turbines. This…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-06-25 Mohammad Khatibi , Sara Ahmed

With the increasing integration of inverter-based resources into the power grid, there has been a notable reduction in system inertia, potentially compromising frequency stability. To assess the suitability of existing area inertia…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-02 Bendong Tan , Jiangkai Peng , Ningchao Gao , Junbo Zhao , Jin Tan

Low levels of system inertia in power grids with significant penetration of non-synchronous Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have increased the risk of frequency instability. The provision of a certain type of ancillary services such as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-20 Luis Badesa , Fei Teng , Goran Strbac

This paper proposed a model predictive control (MPC) secondary frequency control method considering wind and solar power generation stochastics. The extended state-space matrix including unknown stochastic power disturbance is established,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-13 Cheng Zhong , Zhifu Jiang , Xiangyu Zhang , Jikai Chen , Yang Li

The use of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) technology to extend coverage and allow for better control of the wireless environment has been proposed in several use cases, including Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC),…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Fabio Saggese , Federico Chiariotti , Kimmo Kansanen , Petar Popovski

Ultra-large scale (ULS) systems are becoming pervasive. They are inherently complex, which makes their design and control a challenge for traditional methods. Here we propose the design and analysis of ULS systems using measures of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-03-25 Michele Amoretti , Carlos Gershenson

We study water waves propagating over a smooth obstacle in a fluid of varying depth, motivated by the observation that submerged islands in the ocean act as effective lenses that increase the amplitude and destructive power of tsunami waves…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-02-24 Theo Torres , Max Lloyd , Sam R. Dolan , Silke Weinfurtner

The rapid growth of renewable energy sources has significantly reduced system inertia and increased the need for fast frequency response (FFR) in modern power systems. Data centers, as large and flexible electrical consumers, hold great…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

In the event of large disturbances, the practice of controlled islanding is used as a last resort to prevent cascading outages. The application of the strategy at the right time is crucial to maintaining system security. A controlled…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-29 Hamzeh Davarikia , Faycal Znidi , Masoud Barati , Heena Rathore

Implementing frequency response using grid-connected inverters is one of the popular proposed alternatives to mitigate the dynamic degradation experienced in low inertia power systems. However, such solution faces several challenges as…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-05-02 Yan Jiang , Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

The electric power grid has evolved significantly over the past two decades in response to climate change. Increased levels of renewable energy generation, as a prominent feature of this evolution, have led to new congestion patterns in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-12 Omid Mirzapour , Mostafa Sahraei-Ardakani