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Deep learning (DL) defines a new data-driven programming paradigm that constructs the internal system logic of a crafted neuron network through a set of training data. We have seen wide adoption of DL in many safety-critical scenarios.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-16 Lei Ma , Felix Juefei-Xu , Fuyuan Zhang , Jiyuan Sun , Minhui Xue , Bo Li , Chunyang Chen , Ting Su , Li Li , Yang Liu , Jianjun Zhao , Yadong Wang

Deep Learning (DL) frameworks play a critical role in advancing artificial intelligence, and their rapid growth underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of software quality and maintainability. DL frameworks, like other…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Maram Assi , Safwat Hassan , Ying Zou

Rapid adoptions of Deep Learning (DL) in a broad range of fields led to the development of specialised testing techniques for DL systems, including DL mutation testing. However, existing post-training DL mutation techniques often generate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Jinhan Kim , Nargiz Humbatova , Gunel Jahangirova , Shin Yoo , Paolo Tonella

While deep learning (DL) has permeated, and become an integral component of many critical software systems, today software engineering research hasn't explored how to separately test data and models that are integral for DL approaches to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Ruchira Manke , Mohammad Wardat , Foutse Khomh , Hridesh Rajan

The rapid escalation of applying Machine Learning (ML) in various domains has led to paying more attention to the quality of ML components. There is then a growth of techniques and tools aiming at improving the quality of ML components and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Mohammad Mehdi Morovati , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh , Zhen Ming , Jiang

With the application of deep learning technology, tools of DL framework testing are in high demand. Existing DL framework testing tools have limited coverage of bug types. For example, they lack the capability of effectively finding…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Xiaoyu Zhang , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Shiwei Wang , Chao Shen

Deep Learning (DL) frameworks are now widely used, simplifying the creation of complex models as well as their integration to various applications even to non DL experts. However, like any other programs, they are prone to bugs. This paper…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Florian Tambon , Amin Nikanjam , Le An , Foutse Khomh , Giuliano Antoniol

Deep learning (DL) techniques are on the rise in the software engineering research community. More and more approaches have been developed on top of DL models, also due to the unprecedented amount of software-related data that can be used…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Alejandro Mazuera-Rozo , Anamaria Mojica-Hanke , Mario Linares-Vásquez , Gabriele Bavota

Mutation testing is a well-established technique for assessing a test suite's quality by injecting artificial faults into production code. In recent years, mutation testing has been extended to machine learning (ML) systems, and deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Annibale Panichella , Cynthia C. S. Liem

Mutants support testing and debugging in two roles: (i) as test goals and (ii) as substitutes for real faults. Hard-to-kill mutants provide better guidance for test improvement, while realism is essential when mutants are used to simulate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Zaheed Ahmed , Emmanuel Charleson Dapaah , Philip Makedonski , Jens Grabowski

The increasing inclusion of Deep Learning (DL) models in safety-critical systems such as autonomous vehicles have led to the development of multiple model-based DL testing techniques. One common denominator of these testing techniques is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Houssem Ben Braiek , Foutse khomh

Deep Learning (DL) models have rapidly advanced, focusing on achieving high performance through testing model accuracy and robustness. However, it is unclear whether DL projects, as software systems, are tested thoroughly or functionally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Han Wang , Sijia Yu , Chunyang Chen , Burak Turhan , Xiaodong Zhu

Deep learning (DL) techniques are proven effective in many challenging tasks, and become widely-adopted in practice. However, previous work has shown that DL libraries, the basis of building and executing DL models, contain bugs and can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Jiazhen Gu , Xuchuan Luo , Yangfan Zhou , Xin Wang

Deep Learning (DL) has revolutionized the capabilities of vision-based systems (VBS) in critical applications such as autonomous driving, robotic surgery, critical infrastructure surveillance, air and maritime traffic control, etc. By…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Mohit Kumar Ahuja , Arnaud Gotlieb , Helge Spieker

Deep learning (DL) has recently achieved tremendous success in a variety of cutting-edge applications, e.g., image recognition, speech and natural language processing, and autonomous driving. Besides the available big data and hardware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-18 Qianyu Guo , Xiaofei Xie , Lei Ma , Qiang Hu , Ruitao Feng , Li Li , Yang Liu , Jianjun Zhao , Xiaohong Li

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has shown success in diverse domains such as robotics, computer games, and recommendation systems. However, like any other software system, DRL-based software systems are susceptible to faults that pose…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Rached Bouchoucha , Ahmed Haj Yahmed , Darshan Patil , Janarthanan Rajendran , Amin Nikanjam , Sarath Chandar , Foutse Khomh

Defect prediction has been a popular research topic where machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have found numerous applications. However, these ML/DL-based defect prediction models are often limited by the quality and size of their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Parvez Mahbub , Ohiduzzaman Shuvo , Mohammad Masudur Rahman

As Deep Learning (DL) systems are widely deployed for mission-critical applications, debugging such systems becomes essential. Most existing works identify and repair suspicious neurons on the trained Deep Neural Network (DNN), which,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Jialun Cao , Meiziniu Li , Xiao Chen , Ming Wen , Yongqiang Tian , Bo Wu , Shing-Chi Cheung

Mutation testing is an established fault-based testing technique. It operates by seeding faults into the programs under test and asking developers to write tests that reveal these faults. These tests have the potential to reveal a large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Ahmed Khanfir , Renzo Degiovanni , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Generative deep learning (DL) models have been successfully adopted for vulnerability patching. However, such models require the availability of a large dataset of patches to learn from. To overcome this issue, researchers have proposed to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Antonio Mastropaolo , Vittoria Nardone , Gabriele Bavota , Massimiliano Di Penta