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New Large Language Models (LLMs) become available every few weeks, and modern application developers confronted with the unenviable task of having to decide if they should switch to a new model. While human evaluation remains the gold…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Suryaansh Jain , Umair Z. Ahmed , Shubham Sahai , Ben Leong

Alignment with human preferences is an important evaluation aspect of LLMs, requiring them to be helpful, honest, safe, and to precisely follow human instructions. Evaluating large language models' (LLMs) alignment typically involves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yixin Liu , Pengfei Liu , Arman Cohan

We propose a statistical framework built on latent variable modeling for scaling laws of large language models (LLMs). Our work is motivated by the rapid emergence of numerous new LLM families with distinct architectures and training…

Amidst the rapid evolution of LLMs, the significance of evaluation in comprehending and propelling these models forward is increasingly paramount. Evaluations have revealed that factors such as scaling, training types, architectures and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Kun Sun , Rong Wang , Anders Søgaard

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has outpaced traditional evaluation methodologies. This progress presents novel challenges, such as measuring human-like psychological constructs, moving beyond static and task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Haoran Ye , Jing Jin , Yuhang Xie , Xin Zhang , Guojie Song

A Large Language Model (LLM) as judge evaluates the quality of victim Machine Learning (ML) models, specifically LLMs, by analyzing their outputs. An LLM as judge is the combination of one model and one specifically engineered judge prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tom Biskupski , Stephan Kleber

Given the challenge of automatically evaluating free-form outputs from large language models (LLMs), an increasingly common solution is to use LLMs themselves as the judging mechanism, without any gold-standard scores. Implicitly, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Patrick Vossler , Fan Xia , Yifan Mai , Adarsh Subbaswamy , Jean Feng

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in open-ended scenarios is challenging because existing benchmarks and metrics can not measure them comprehensively. To address this problem, we propose to fine-tune LLMs as scalable judges (JudgeLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lianghui Zhu , Xinggang Wang , Xinlong Wang

The growing population of L2 English speakers has increased the demand for developing automatic graders for spoken language assessment (SLA). Historically, statistical models, text encoders, and self-supervised speech models have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Rao Ma , Mengjie Qian , Siyuan Tang , Stefano Bannò , Kate M. Knill , Mark J. F. Gales

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes contexts where their outputs influence real-world decisions. However, evaluating bias in LLM outputs remains methodologically challenging due to sensitivity to prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 William Guey , Wei Zhang , Pei-Luen Patrick Rau , Pierrick Bougault , Vitor D. de Moura , Bertan Ucar , Jose O. Gomes

Despite the utility of Large Language Models (LLMs) across a wide range of tasks and scenarios, developing a method for reliably evaluating LLMs across varied contexts continues to be challenging. Modern evaluation approaches often use LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Steffi Chern , Ethan Chern , Graham Neubig , Pengfei Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into critical decision-making pipelines, a trend that raises the demand for robust and automated data analysis. Current approaches to dataset risk analysis are limited to manual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Panteleimon Rodis

Receiving timely and personalized feedback is essential for second-language learners, especially when human instructors are unavailable. This study explores the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs), including both proprietary and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Changrong Xiao , Wenxing Ma , Qingping Song , Sean Xin Xu , Kunpeng Zhang , Yufang Wang , Qi Fu

The SLAM paper demonstrated that on-device Small Language Models (SLMs) are a viable and cost-effective alternative to API-based Large Language Models (LLMs), such as OpenAI's GPT-4, offering comparable performance and stability. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Roland Daynauth , Jason Mars

We present AutoBench, a fully automated and self-sustaining framework for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) through reciprocal peer assessment. This paper provides a rigorous scientific validation of the AutoBench methodology,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Dario Loi , Elena Maria Muià , Federico Siciliano , Giovanni Trappolini , Vincenzo Crisà , Peter Kruger , Fabrizio Silvestri

As Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve significant breakthroughs in complex reasoning tasks, evaluating their proficiency in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) has become a primary method for measuring machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Xuzhao Li , Xuchen Li , Jian Zhao , Shiyu Hu

Pre-trained large language models (LLM) have emerged as a powerful tool for simulating various scenarios and generating output given specific instructions and multimodal input. In this work, we analyze the specific use of LLM to enhance a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Yuhang Wu , Yingfei Wang , Chu Wang , Zeyu Zheng

Adopting human and large language models (LLM) as judges (a.k.a human- and LLM-as-a-judge) for evaluating the performance of LLMs has recently gained attention. Nonetheless, this approach concurrently introduces potential biases from human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Guiming Hardy Chen , Shunian Chen , Ziche Liu , Feng Jiang , Benyou Wang

Ideal or real - that is the question.In this work, we explore whether principles from game theory can be effectively applied to the evaluation of large language models (LLMs). This inquiry is motivated by the growing inadequacy of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Gao Yang , Yuhang Liu , Siyu Miao , Xinyue Liang , Zhengyang Liu , Heyan Huang

Mathematical reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs) is often evaluated using benchmarks with limited numerical ranges, failing to reflect real-world problem-solving across diverse scales. Furthermore, most existing evaluation methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Safal Shrestha , Minwu Kim , Keith Ross