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Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are quickly gaining traction with promises of impressively low latency, high bandwidth, and global reach. However, the research community knows relatively little about their operation and performance…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Liz Izhikevich , Manda Tran , Katherine Izhikevich , Gautam Akiwate , Zakir Durumeric

As low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems are gaining increasing popularity, new theoretical methodologies are required to investigate such networks' performance at large. This is because deterministic and location-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-06 Niloofar Okati , Taneli Riihonen , Dani Korpi , Ilari Angervuori , Risto Wichman

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are increasingly essential for space-based artificial intelligence (AI) applications. However, as commercial use expands, LEO satellite networks face heightened cyberattack risks, especially through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Wenbo Wu , Cheng Tan , Kangcheng Yang , Zhishu Shen , Qiushi Zheng , Jiong Jin

Simulation tools are commonly used in the development and testing of new protocols or new networks. However, as satellite networks start to grow to encompass thousands of nodes, and as companies and space agencies begin to realize the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Joshua Smailes , Filip Futera , Sebastian Köhler , Simon Birnbach , Martin Strohmeier , Ivan Martinovic

The growth of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) broadband satellite megaconstellations is rapidly increasing the number of rocket launches. While improving broadband Internet helps achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there are also…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-15 Ogutu B. Osoro , Edward J. Oughton , Andrew R. Wilson , Akhil Rao

With the advent of the 6G era, global connectivity has become a common goal in the evolution of communications, aiming to bring Internet services to more unconnected regions. Additionally, the rise of applications such as the Internet of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Hao Lin , Mustafa A. Kishk , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Starlink and alike have attracted a lot of attention recently, however, the inner working of these low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite networks is still largely unknown. This paper presents an ongoing measurement campaign focusing on Starlink,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Jianping Pan , Jinwei Zhao , Lin Cai

Space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) help enhance the service performance in the sixth generation communication system. SAGIN is basically composed of satellites, aerial vehicles, ground facilities, as well as multiple terrestrial…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Ziye Jia , Chao Dong , Kun Guo , Qihui Wu

Traditional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) immunity to interference may be approaching a practical performance ceiling. Greater gains are possible outside traditional GNSS orbits and spectrum. GNSS from low Earth orbit (LEO) has…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-15 Peter A. Iannucci , Todd E. Humphreys

Recent advancements in low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites aim to bring resilience, ubiquitous, and high-quality service to future Internet infrastructure. However, the soaring number of space assets, increasing dynamics of LEO satellites and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Peng Hu

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are becoming integral to 6G infrastructure, but increasing in-orbit computation accelerates battery degradation and raises sustainability concerns. Meanwhile, renewable-heavy regions worldwide…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Xiaoyi Fan , Yi Ching Chou , Hao Fang , Long Chen , Haoyuan Zhao , Ershun Du , Chongqing Kang , Zhe Chen , Jiangchuan Liu

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks connect millions of devices on Earth and offer various services, such as data communications, remote sensing, and data harvesting. As the number of services increases, LEO satellite networks will…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Chang-Sik Choi

In recent years, the emergence of large-scale Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has introduced unprecedented opportunities for global connectivity. However, routing efficiency and inter-shell communication remain key challenges…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Hailong Su , Jinshu Su , Yusheng Xia , Haibin Li

Starlink constellations are currently the largest LEO WAN and have seen considerable interest from the research community. In this paper, we use high-frequency and high-fidelity measurements to uncover evidence of hierarchical traffic…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Hammas Bin Tanveer , Mike Puchol , Rachee Singh , Antonio Bianchi , Rishab Nithyanand

The low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite network with mega-constellations can provide global coverage while supporting the high-data rates. The coverage performance of such a network is highly dependent on orbit geometry parameters, including…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Junse Lee , Song Noh , Sooyeob Jeong , Namyoon Lee

End-to-end latency in large low-Earth-orbit (LEO) constellations is dominated by propagation delay, making total delay roughly proportional to the network diameter, the longest shortest path in hops. Current inter-satellite link (ISL)…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Arman Mollakhani , Jerayu Tiamraj , Shu-Jie Cao , Dongning Guo

Low Orbit Satellite (LEO) networks such as Starlink promise Internet access everywhere around the world. In this paper, we present WetLinks - a large and publicly available trace-based dataset of Starlink measurements. The measurements were…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Dominic Laniewski , Eric Lanfer , Bernd Meijerink , Roland van Rijswijk-Deij , Nils Aschenbruck

The high mobility of satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) mega-constellations induces a highly dynamic network topology, leading to many problems like frequent service disruptions. To mitigate this, Packet-based Load Balancing (PBLB) is…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xiyuan Liu , Guano Liu , Xiucheng Tian , Wenting Wei

In this paper, we investigate an important research problem facing the upcoming satellite Internet: from a network perspective, how many satellites exactly do we need to construct a survivable and performant LSN? To answer this question, we…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zeqi Lai , Yibo Wang , Hewu Li , Qian Wu , Qi Zhang , Yunan Hou , Jun Liu , Yuanjie Li

We study spectrum sharing between two dense low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, an incumbent primary system and a secondary system that must respect interference protection constraints on the primary system. In particular, we…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-20 Eunsun Kim , Ian P. Roberts , Taekyun Lee , Jeffrey G. Andrews