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Jailbreaking large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a pressing concern with the increasing prevalence and accessibility of conversational LLMs. Adversarial users often exploit these models through carefully engineered prompts to elicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Sri Durga Sai Sowmya Kadali , Evangelos E. Papalexakis

Thinking mode has always been regarded as one of the most valuable modes in LLMs. However, we uncover a surprising and previously overlooked phenomenon: LLMs with thinking mode are more easily broken by Jailbreak attack. We evaluate 9 LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Fan Yang

This paper proposes a jailbreaking prompt detection method for large language models (LLMs) to defend against jailbreak attacks. Although recent LLMs are equipped with built-in safeguards, it remains possible to craft jailbreaking prompts…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zheng Lin , Zhenxing Niu , Haoxuan Ji , Yuzhe Huang , Haichang Gao

Conversational large language models are trained to refuse to answer harmful questions. However, emergent jailbreaking techniques can still elicit unsafe outputs, presenting an ongoing challenge for model alignment. To better understand how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Sarah Ball , Frauke Kreuter , Nina Panickssery

Jailbreak attacks pose persistent threats to large language models (LLMs). Current safety alignment methods have attempted to address these issues, but they experience two significant limitations: insufficient safety alignment depth and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yuanbo Xie , Yingjie Zhang , Tianyun Liu , Duohe Ma , Tingwen Liu

Although many large language models (LLMs) have been trained to refuse harmful requests, they are still vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks which rewrite the original prompt to conceal its harmful intent. In this paper, we propose a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yihan Wang , Zhouxing Shi , Andrew Bai , Cho-Jui Hsieh

As deep learning advances, Large Language Models (LLMs) and their multimodal counterparts, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), have shown exceptional performance in many real-world tasks. However, MLLMs face significant security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Fenghua Weng , Yue Xu , Chengyan Fu , Wenjie Wang

Deploying LLMs in multi-turn dialogues facilitates jailbreak attacks that distribute harmful intent across seemingly benign turns. Recent training-based multi-turn jailbreak methods learn long-horizon attack strategies from interaction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhida He , Xiaoyu Wen , Han Qi , Ziyuan Zhou , Peng Yu , Xingcheng Xu , Dongrui Liu , Xia Hu , Chaochao Lu , Qiaosheng Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful tools with profound societal impacts, yet their ability to generate responses to diverse and uncontrolled inputs leaves them vulnerable to adversarial attacks. While existing defenses often struggle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Samuel Simko , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) in many applications, from customer service chat bots and software development assistants to more capable agentic systems necessitates research into how to secure these systems. Attacks like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Erick Galinkin , Martin Sablotny

The focus on safety alignment in large language models (LLMs) has increased significantly due to their widespread adoption across different domains. The scale of LLMs play a contributing role in their success, and the growth in parameter…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Rachel S. Y. Teo , Laziz U. Abdullaev , Tan M. Nguyen

Aligned large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Recent mechanistic studies have identified latent features and representation shifts associated with jailbreak success, but they leave a more fundamental question…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yu Chen , Yuanhao Liu , Qi Cao

Jailbreak attacks aim to bypass the LLMs' safeguards. While researchers have proposed different jailbreak attacks in depth, they have done so in isolation -- either with unaligned settings or comparing a limited range of methods. To fill…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Junjie Chu , Yugeng Liu , Ziqing Yang , Xinyue Shen , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

As the use of large language models (LLMs) continues to expand, ensuring their safety and robustness has become a critical challenge. In particular, jailbreak attacks that bypass built-in safety mechanisms are increasingly recognized as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Hajun Kim , Hyunsik Na , Daeseon Choi

Large language models (LLMs) have acquired the ability to handle longer context lengths and understand nuances in text, expanding their dialogue capabilities beyond a single utterance. A popular user-facing application of LLMs is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Terry Tong , Jiashu Xu , Qin Liu , Muhao Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in real-world systems. Given their broader applicability, prompt engineering has become an efficient tool for resource-scarce organizations to adopt LLMs for their own purposes. At the same…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Piyush Jaiswal , Aaditya Pratap , Shreyansh Saraswati , Harsh Kasyap , Somanath Tripathy

Large Language Models (LLMS) have increasingly become central to generating content with potential societal impacts. Notably, these models have demonstrated capabilities for generating content that could be deemed harmful. To mitigate these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Zihao Xu , Yi Liu , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Stjepan Picek

The remarkable capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have raised significant safety concerns, particularly regarding "jailbreak" attacks that exploit adversarial prompts to bypass safety alignment mechanisms. Existing defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haibo Tong , Dongcheng Zhao , Guobin Shen , Xiang He , Dachuan Lin , Feifei Zhao , Yi Zeng

The evolution of generative models from next-token predictors to autonomous engines of complex systems necessitates rigorous safety hardening. Adversarial jailbreaking, the strategic manipulation of models to elicit harmful output, remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Montaser Mohammedalamen , Kevin Roice , Reginald McLean , Alyssa Lefaivre Škopac

With the widespread deployment of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) for visual-reasoning tasks, improving their safety has become crucial. Recent research indicates that despite training-time safety alignment, these models remain…