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Theory of Mind (ToM) -- the ability to understand that others can have differing knowledge and goals -- enables agents to reason about others' beliefs while planning their own actions. We present a novel approach to multi-agent cooperation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Riddhi J. Pitliya , Ozan Çatal , Toon Van de Maele , Corrado Pezzato , Tim Verbelen

Being able to predict the mental states of others is a key factor to effective social interaction. It is also crucial for distributed multi-agent systems, where agents are required to communicate and cooperate. In this paper, we introduce…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Yuanfei Wang , Fangwei Zhong , Jing Xu , Yizhou Wang

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to reason about others' mental states, and higher-order ToM involves considering that others also possess their own ToM. Equipping large language model (LLM)-driven agents with ToM has long been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Chunjiang Mu , Ya Zeng , Qiaosheng Zhang , Kun Shao , Chen Chu , Hao Guo , Danyang Jia , Zhen Wang , Shuyue Hu

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive accomplishments in both reasoning and planning, their abilities in multi-agent collaborations remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates LLM-based agents in a multi-agent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Huao Li , Yu Quan Chong , Simon Stepputtis , Joseph Campbell , Dana Hughes , Michael Lewis , Katia Sycara

Social intelligence manifests the capability, often referred to as the Theory of Mind (ToM), to discern others' behavioral intentions, beliefs, and other mental states. ToM is especially important in multi-agent and human-machine…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhuoya Zhao , Feifei Zhao , Shiwen Wang , Yinqian Sun , Yi Zeng

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to an agent's ability to model the internal states of others. Contributing to the debate whether large language models (LLMs) exhibit genuine ToM capabilities, our study investigates their ToM robustness using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Christian Nickel , Laura Schrewe , Florian Mai , Lucie Flek

In this paper we present ToMCAT (Theory-of-Mind for Cooperative Agents in Teams), a new framework for generating ToM-conditioned trajectories. It combines a meta-learning mechanism, that performs ToM reasoning over teammates' underlying…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Pedro Sequeira , Vidyasagar Sadhu , Melinda Gervasio

Monitoring autonomous large language model (LLM) agents for covert malicious behavior is challenging due to delayed, context-dependent, and long-horizon attack patterns. Agents may pursue hidden objectives while maintaining superficially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Nesreen K. Ahmed , Nima Nafisi

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to infer others' mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions. Current vision-language embodied agents lack ToM-based decision-making, and existing benchmarks focus solely on human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Ruoxuan Zhang , Qiyun Zheng , Zhiyu Zhou , Ziqi Liao , Siyu Wu , Jian-Yu Jiang-Lin , Bin Wen , Hongxia Xie , Jianlong Fu , Wen-Huang Cheng

Reaching a consensus on the team plans is vital to human-AI coordination. Although previous studies provide approaches through communications in various ways, it could still be hard to coordinate when the AI has no explainable plan to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Chenxu Wang , Zilong Chen , Angelo Cangelosi , Huaping Liu

Currently, in the study of multiagent systems, the intentions of agents are usually ignored. Nonetheless, as pointed out by Theory of Mind (ToM), people regularly reason about other's mental states, including beliefs, goals, and intentions,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Luyao Yuan , Zipeng Fu , Linqi Zhou , Kexin Yang , Song-Chun Zhu

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand and reflect on the mental states of others. Although this capability is crucial for human interaction, testing on Large Language Models (LLMs) reveals that they possess only a rudimentary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Sneheel Sarangi , Maha Elgarf , Hanan Salam

Theory of Mind (ToM) significantly impacts human collaboration and communication as a crucial capability to understand others. When AI agents with ToM capability collaborate with humans, Mutual Theory of Mind (MToM) arises in such human-AI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Shao Zhang , Xihuai Wang , Wenhao Zhang , Yongshan Chen , Landi Gao , Dakuo Wang , Weinan Zhang , Xinbing Wang , Ying Wen

A growing body of work attempts to evaluate the theory of mind (ToM) abilities of humans and large language models (LLMs) using static, non-interactive question-and-answer benchmarks. However, theoretical work in the field suggests that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Jared Moore , Rasmus Overmark , Ned Cooper , Beba Cibralic , Nick Haber , Cameron R. Jones

Theory of Mind (ToM)-an understanding of the mental states of others-is a key aspect of human social intelligence, yet, chatbots and LLM-based social agents do not typically integrate it. In this work, we demonstrate that LLMs that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 EunJeong Hwang , Yuwei Yin , Giuseppe Carenini , Peter West , Vered Shwartz

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to understand people's minds based on their behavior, is key to developing socially intelligent agents. Current approaches to ToM reasoning either rely on prompting Large Language Models (LLMs), which are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Zhining Zhang , Chuanyang Jin , Mung Yao Jia , Shunchi Zhang , Tianmin Shu

Theory of Mind (ToM) is a fundamental cognitive architecture that endows humans with the ability to attribute mental states to others. Humans infer the desires, beliefs, and intentions of others by observing their behavior and, in turn,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Chuang Yu , Baris Serhan , Angelo Cangelosi

Human social interactions depend on the ability to infer others' unspoken intentions, emotions, and beliefs-a cognitive skill grounded in the psychological concept of Theory of Mind (ToM). While large language models (LLMs) excel in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Xuanming Zhang , Yuxuan Chen , Samuel Yeh , Sharon Li

The adaptation to users' preferences and the ability to infer and interpret humans' beliefs and intents, which is known as the Theory of Mind (ToM), are two crucial aspects for achieving effective human-robot collaboration. Despite its…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Antonio Andriella , Giovanni Falcone , Silvia Rossi

We approach the problem of understanding how people interact with each other in collaborative settings, especially when individuals know little about their teammates, via Multiagent Inverse Reinforcement Learning (MIRL), where the goal is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Haochen Wu , Pedro Sequeira , David V. Pynadath
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