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The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is a well studied text transformation widely used in data compression and text indexing. The BWT of two strings can also provide similarity measures between them, based on the observation that the more…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Felipe A. Louza , Guilherme P. Telles , Simon Gog , Liang Zhao

Indexing highly repetitive strings (i.e., strings with many repetitions) for fast queries has become a central research topic in string processing, because it has a wide variety of applications in bioinformatics and natural language…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Takaaki Nishimoto , Yasuo Tabei

Indexing a set of strings for prefix search or membership queries is a fundamental task with many applications such as information retrieval or database systems. A classic abstract data type for modelling such an index is a trie. Due to the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Hideo Bannai , Keisuke Goto , Shunsuke Kanda , Dominik Köppl

The suffix tree is arguably the most fundamental data structure on strings: introduced by Weiner (SWAT 1973) and McCreight (JACM 1976), it allows solving a myriad of computational problems on strings in linear time. Motivated by its large…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Ruben Becker , Davide Cenzato , Travis Gagie , Sung-Hwan Kim , Ragnar Groot Koerkamp , Giovanni Manzini , Nicola Prezza

Motivation The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is the foundation of many algorithms for compression and indexing of text data, but the cost of computing the BWT of very large string collections has prevented these techniques from being…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Anthony J. Cox , Markus J. Bauer , Tobias Jakobi , Giovanna Rosone

Recent methods for learning vector space representations of words have succeeded in capturing fine-grained semantic and syntactic regularities using vector arithmetic. However, these vector space representations (created through large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-05-17 Martin Andrews

We study how the application of injective morphisms affects the number $r$ of equal-letter runs in the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT). This parameter has emerged as a key repetitiveness measure in compressed indexing. We focus on the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Gabriele Fici , Giuseppe Romana , Marinella Sciortino , Cristian Urbina

In highly repetitive strings, like collections of genomes from the same species, distinct measures of repetition all grow sublinearly in the length of the text, and indexes targeted to such strings typically depend only on one of these…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-02-24 Djamal Belazzougui , Fabio Cunial , Travis Gagie , Nicola Prezza , Mathieu Raffinot

We present an algorithm for building the extended BWT (eBWT) of a string collection from its grammar-compressed representation. Our technique exploits the string repetitions captured by the grammar to boost the computation of the eBWT.…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2021-02-10 Diego Diaz-Dominguez annd Gonzalo Navarro

The FM-index is a well-known compressed full-text index, based on the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT). During a pattern search, the BWT sequence is accessed at "random" locations, which is cache-unfriendly. In this paper, we are interested…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-12-08 Szymon Grabowski , Aleksander Cisłak

In the problem of one-bit compressed sensing, the goal is to find a $\delta$-close estimation of a $k$-sparse vector $x \in \mathbb{R}^n$ given the signs of the entries of $y = \Phi x$, where $\Phi$ is called the measurement matrix. For the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-09-22 Vasileios Nakos

Compressed suffix arrays (CSAs) index large repetitive collections and are key in many text applications. The r-index and its derivatives combine the run-length Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) with suffix array sampling to achieve space…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Diego Díaz-Domínguez , Veli Mäkinen

In this paper we describe algorithms for computing the BWT and for building (compressed) indexes in external memory. The innovative feature of our algorithms is that they are lightweight in the sense that, for an input of size $n$, they use…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-09-25 Paolo Ferragina , Travis Gagie , Giovanni Manzini

Two-dimensional constrained coding is a problem that is much more difficult than its one-dimensional counterpart. Indeed, in two dimensions, obtaining the answers to very natural questions becomes uncomputable. In particular, it is…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-04-17 Danny Dubé

Given a pattern $P$ and a text $T$, both strings over a binary alphabet, the binary jumbled string matching problem consists in telling whether any permutation of $P$ occurs in $T$. The indexed version of this problem, i.e., preprocessing a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-05-09 Emanuele Giaquinta , Szymon Grabowski

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is a string transformation technique widely used in areas such as bioinformatics and file compression. Many applications combine a run-length encoding (RLE) with the BWT in a way which preserves the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Lily Major , Amanda Clare , Jacqueline W. Daykin , Benjamin Mora , Christine Zarges

This paper deals with the two fundamental problems concerning the handling of large n-gram language models: indexing, that is compressing the n-gram strings and associated satellite data without compromising their retrieval speed; and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Giulio Ermanno Pibiri , Rossano Venturini

The compressed indexing problem is to preprocess a string $S$ of length $n$ into a compressed representation that supports pattern matching queries. That is, given a string $P$ of length $m$ report all occurrences of $P$ in $S$. We present…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-12 Anders Roy Christiansen , Mikko Berggren Ettienne

We present a new semi-external algorithm that builds the Burrows--Wheeler transform variant of Bauer et al. (a.k.a., BCR BWT) in linear expected time. Our method uses compression techniques to reduce computational costs when the input is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Diego Díaz-Domínguez , Gonzalo Navarro

We survey the different methods used for extending the BWT to collections of strings, following largely [Cenzato and Lipt\'ak, CPM 2022, Bioinformatics 2024]. We analyze the specific aspects and combinatorial properties of the resulting BWT…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Davide Cenzato , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Nadia Pisanti , Giovanna Rosone , Marinella Sciortino