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We analyse the friendship paradox on finite and infinite trees. In particular, we monitor the vertices for which the friendship-bias is positive, neutral and negative, respectively. For an arbitrary finite tree, we show that the number of…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-05-29 Rajat Subhra Hazra , Frank den Hollander , Nelly Litvak , Azadeh Parvaneh

The friendship paradox is the observation that the degrees of the neighbors of a node in any network will, on average, be greater than the degree of the node itself. In common parlance, your friends have more friends than you do. In this…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-10-26 George T. Cantwell , Alec Kirkley , M. E. J. Newman

The Friendship Paradox is a simple and powerful statement about node degrees in a graph (Feld 1991). However, it only applies to undirected graphs with no edge weights, and the only node characteristic it concerns is degree. Since many…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Anna Evtushenko , Jon Kleinberg

Let $G_n$ be an undirected finite graph on $n\in\mathbb{N}$ vertices labelled by $[n] = \{1,\ldots,n\}$. For $i \in [n]$, let $\Delta_{i,n}$ be the friendship bias of vertex $i$, defined as the difference between the average degree of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-01-22 Rajat Subhra Hazra , Frank den Hollander , Azadeh Parvaneh

The friendship paradox is a sociological phenomenon stating that most people have fewer friends than their friends do. The generalized friendship paradox refers to the same observation for attributes other than degree, and it has been…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2014-11-04 Naghmeh Momeni , Michael G. Rabbat

One of interesting phenomena due to topological heterogeneities in complex networks is the friendship paradox: Your friends have on average more friends than you do. Recently, this paradox has been generalized for arbitrary node attributes,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-08-26 Hang-Hyun Jo , Young-Ho Eom

The Friendship Paradox--the principle that "your friends have more friends than you do"--is a combinatorial fact about degrees in a graph; but given that many web-based social activities are correlated with a user's degree, this fact has…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Anna Evtushenko , Jon Kleinberg

We show that in an undirected graph under degree biased sampling the expected degree of vertices is equal to the expected degree of their neighbors. In consequence, under the biased sampling the social network result known as the friendship…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-03-18 Wojciech Roga

The friendship paradox in social networks states that your friends have more friends than you do, on average. Recently, a stronger variant of the paradox was shown to hold for most people within a network: `most of your friends have more…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Kristina Lerman

The friendship paradox refers to the sociological observation that, while the people's assessment of their own popularity is typically self-aggrandizing, in reality they are less popular than their friends. The generalized friendship…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-10-03 Babak Fotouhi , Naghmeh Momeni , Michael G. Rabbat

The classical friendship paradox asserts that, on average, an individual's neighbors have a higher degree than the individual. This statement concerns network-level means and does not describe how often a typical node is locally dominated…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-22 Sang Hoon Lee

We give upper and lower bounds on the number of graphs of fixed degree which have a positive density of triangles. In particular, we show that there are very few such graphs, when compared to the number of graphs without this restriction.…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Pierre Collet , Jean-Pierre Eckmann

By the theorem of Mantel $[5]$ it is known that a graph with $n$ vertices and $\lfloor \frac{n^{2}}{4} \rfloor+1$ edges must contain a triangle. A theorem of Erd\H{o}s gives a strengthening: there are not only one, but at least…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-11 Chuanqi Xiao , Gyula O. H. Katona

The friendship paradox -- the observation that, on average, one's friends have more friends than oneself -- admits two common formulations depending on whether averaging is performed over edges or over nodes. These two definitions, the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-22 Sang Hoon Lee

The friendship paradox states that, on average, our friends have more friends than we do. In network terms, the average degree over the nodes can never exceed the average degree over the neighbours of nodes. This effect, which is a classic…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-07-05 Desmond J. Higham

Let $G$ be a simple graph and $v$ be a vertex of $G$. The triangle-degree of $v$ in $G$ is the number of triangles that contain $v$. While every graph has at least two vertices with the same degree, there are graphs in which every vertex…

We revisit the classical friendship paradox which states that on an average ones friends have at least as many friends as oneself and generalize it to a variety of network centrality indices. For a broad class of spectral centralities on…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Rajat Subhra Hazra , Evgeny Verbitskiy

Generalized friendship paradoxes occur when, on average, our friends have more of some attribute than us. These paradoxes are relevant to many aspects of human interaction, notably in social science and epidemiology. Here, we derive new…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-01-28 Desmond J. Higham , Francesco Hrobat , Francesco Tudisco

The friendship paradox index is a network summary statistic used to quantify the friendship paradox, which describes the tendency for an individual's friends to have more friends than the individual. In this paper, we utilize Markov's…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-11 Mingao Yuan

Triangles are an important building block and distinguishing feature of real-world networks, but their structure is still poorly understood. Despite numerous reports on the abundance of triangles, there is very little information on what…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2013-03-06 Nurcan Durak , Ali Pinar , Tamara G. Kolda , C. Seshadhri
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