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Related papers: Strategic Intelligence in Large Language Models: E…

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This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the current status and opportunities for Large Language Models (LLMs) in strategic reasoning, a sophisticated form of reasoning that necessitates understanding and predicting adversary actions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yadong Zhang , Shaoguang Mao , Tao Ge , Xun Wang , Adrian de Wynter , Yan Xia , Wenshan Wu , Ting Song , Man Lan , Furu Wei

We introduce a novel and extensible benchmark for large language models (LLMs) through grid-based games such as Tic-Tac-Toe, Connect Four, and Gomoku. The open-source game simulation code, available on GitHub, allows LLMs to compete and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Oguzhan Topsakal , Colby Jacob Edell , Jackson Bailey Harper

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have revolutionized natural language processing, showing remarkable linguistic proficiency and reasoning capabilities. However, their application in strategic multi-agent decision-making environments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Chuanhao Li , Runhan Yang , Tiankai Li , Milad Bafarassat , Kourosh Sharifi , Dirk Bergemann , Zhuoran Yang

Large language models (LLMs) provide a compelling foundation for building generally-capable AI agents. These agents may soon be deployed at scale in the real world, representing the interests of individual humans (e.g., AI assistants) or…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Aron Vallinder , Edward Hughes

This research presents LLM Pokemon League, a competitive tournament system that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) as intelligent agents to simulate strategic decision-making in Pok\'emon battles. The platform is designed to analyze and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Tadisetty Sai Yashwanth , Dhatri C

As agentic AI becomes more widespread, agents with distinct and possibly conflicting goals will interact in complex ways. These multi-agent interactions pose a fundamental challenge, particularly in social dilemmas, where agents' individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Dereck Piche , Mohammed Muqeeth , Milad Aghajohari , Juan Duque , Michael Noukhovitch , Aaron Courville

Large Language Models (LLMs) are highly proficient in language-based tasks. Their language capabilities have positioned them at the forefront of the future AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) race. However, on closer inspection, Valmeekam…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Dibyanayan Bandyopadhyay , Soham Bhattacharjee , Asif Ekbal

Game environments provide rich, controllable settings that stimulate many aspects of real-world complexity. As such, game agents offer a valuable testbed for exploring capabilities relevant to Artificial General Intelligence. Recently, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Sihao Hu , Tiansheng Huang , Gaowen Liu , Ramana Rao Kompella , Fatih Ilhan , Selim Furkan Tekin , Yichang Xu , Zachary Yahn , Ling Liu

In this paper, we propose the use of the popular word-based board game Codenames as a suitable benchmark for evaluating the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Codenames presents a highly interesting challenge for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Matthew Stephenson , Matthew Sidji , Benoît Ronval

The increasing integration of Large Language Model (LLM) based search engines has transformed the landscape of information retrieval. However, these systems are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, especially ranking manipulation attacks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Xiyang Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have unveiled remarkable capabilities in understanding and generating both natural language and code, but LLM reasoning is prone to hallucination and struggle with complex, novel scenarios, often getting stuck…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Antonio Jimeno Yepes , Pieter Barnard

Powered by large language models (LLMs), AI agents have become capable of many human tasks. Using the most canonical definitions of the Big Five personality, we measure the ability of LLMs to negotiate within a game-theoretical framework,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Sean Noh , Ho-Chun Herbert Chang

This study presents the first examination of the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to follow reasoning strategies that are used to guide Automated Theorem Provers (ATPs). We evaluate the performance of GPT4, GPT3.5 Turbo and Google's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Lachlan McGinness , Peter Baumgartner

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly mediate economic and organisational processes, from automated customer support and recruitment to investment advice and policy analysis. These systems are often assumed to embody rational decision…

General Economics · Economics 2025-11-18 Luca Corazzini , Elisa Deriu , Marco Guerzoni

This paper examines the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) from a novel perspective, focusing on their ability to operate within formally specified, rule-governed environments. We evaluate four LLMs (Gemini 2.5 Pro and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Maciej Świechowski , Adam Żychowski , Jacek Mańdziuk

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been increasingly used in real-world settings, yet their strategic decision-making abilities remain largely unexplored. To fully benefit from the potential of LLMs, it's essential to understand their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Nathan Herr , Fernando Acero , Roberta Raileanu , María Pérez-Ortiz , Zhibin Li

This paper investigates the rationality of large language models (LLMs) in strategic decision-making contexts, specifically within the framework of game theory. We evaluate several state-of-the-art LLMs across a spectrum of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Wenyue Hua , Ollie Liu , Lingyao Li , Alfonso Amayuelas , Julie Chen , Lucas Jiang , Mingyu Jin , Lizhou Fan , Fei Sun , William Wang , Xintong Wang , Yongfeng Zhang

As the performance of larger, newer Large Language Models continues to improve for strategic Theory of Mind (ToM) tasks, the demand for these state-of-the-art models increases commensurately. However, their deployment is costly both in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Nunzio Lore , Sepehr Ilami , Babak Heydari

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in the domain of Large Language Models (LLMs) and generative AI, has opened new avenues for application across various fields, yet its role in business education remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Vahid Ashrafimoghari , Necdet Gürkan , Jordan W. Suchow

Big Language Models (LLMs) are changing the way businesses use software, the way people live their lives and the way industries work. Companies like Google, High-Flyer, Anthropic, OpenAI and Meta are making better LLMs. So, it's crucial to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Urja Kohli , Aditi Singh , Arun Sharma