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Bail decisions are among the most frequently adjudicated matters in Indian courts, yet they remain plagued by subjectivity, delays, and inconsistencies. With over 75% of India's prison population comprising undertrial prisoners, many from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Puspesh Kumar Srivastava , Uddeshya Raj , Praveen Patel , Shubham Kumar Nigam , Noel Shallum , Arnab Bhattacharya

Unlike the courts in western countries, public records of Indian judiciary are completely unstructured and noisy. No large scale publicly available annotated datasets of Indian legal documents exist till date. This limits the scope for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Vedant Parikh , Vidit Mathur , Parth Mehta , Namita Mittal , Prasenjit Majumder

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) applies Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to predict judgment results based on fact descriptions automatically. Recently, large-scale public datasets and advances in NLP research have led to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Junyun Cui , Xiaoyu Shen , Feiping Nie , Zheng Wang , Jinglong Wang , Yulong Chen

In the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), predicting judicial outcomes poses significant challenges due to the complexity of legal proceedings and the scarcity of expert-annotated datasets. Addressing this, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Shubham Kumar Nigam , Anurag Sharma , Danush Khanna , Noel Shallum , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Arnab Bhattacharya

Legal systems worldwide continue to struggle with overwhelming caseloads, limited judicial resources, and growing complexities in legal proceedings. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a promising solution, with Legal Judgment Prediction…

We introduce IndiaFinBench, to our knowledge the first publicly available evaluation benchmark for assessing large language model (LLM) performance on Indian financial regulatory text. Existing financial NLP benchmarks draw exclusively from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Rajveer Singh Pall

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in legal judgment prediction (LJP) has the potential to transform the legal landscape, particularly in jurisdictions like India, where a significant backlog of cases burdens the legal system.…

There is an evident lack of implementation of Machine Learning (ML) in the legal domain in India, and any research that does take place in this domain is usually based on data from the higher courts of law and works with English data. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Amit Barman , Devangan Roy , Debapriya Paul , Indranil Dutta , Shouvik Kumar Guha , Samir Karmakar , Sudip Kumar Naskar

In this paper, we address the task of semantic segmentation of legal documents through rhetorical role classification, with a focus on Indian legal judgments. We introduce LegalSeg, the largest annotated dataset for this task, comprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shubham Kumar Nigam , Tanmay Dubey , Govind Sharma , Noel Shallum , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Arnab Bhattacharya

Identifying, classifying, and analyzing arguments in legal discourse has been a prominent area of research since the inception of the argument mining field. However, there has been a major discrepancy between the way natural language…

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) is a judicial assistance system that recommends the legal components such as applicable statues, prison term and penalty term by analyzing the given input case document. Indian legal system is in the need of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Prameela Madambakam , Shathanaa Rajmohan , Himangshu Sharma , Tummepalli Anka Chandrahas Purushotham Gupta

Generative AI models, such as the GPT and Llama series, have significant potential to assist laypeople in answering legal questions. However, little prior work focuses on the data sourcing, inference, and evaluation of these models in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Jonathan Li , Rohan Bhambhoria , Samuel Dahan , Xiaodan Zhu

Artificial intelligence is being utilized in many domains as of late, and the legal system is no exception. However, as it stands now, the number of well-annotated datasets pertaining to legal documents from the Supreme Court of the United…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Mohammad Alali , Shaayan Syed , Mohammed Alsayed , Smit Patel , Hemanth Bodala

The burdensome impact of a skewed judges-to-cases ratio on the judicial system manifests in an overwhelming backlog of pending cases alongside an ongoing influx of new ones. To tackle this issue and expedite the judicial process, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Mann Khatri , Mirza Yusuf , Yaman Kumar , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

In this paper, we introduce the \textbf{C}hinese \textbf{AI} and \textbf{L}aw challenge dataset (CAIL2018), the first large-scale Chinese legal dataset for judgment prediction. \dataset contains more than $2.6$ million criminal cases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-09 Chaojun Xiao , Haoxi Zhong , Zhipeng Guo , Cunchao Tu , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Yansong Feng , Xianpei Han , Zhen Hu , Heng Wang , Jianfeng Xu

Recent advances in LegalAI have primarily focused on individual case judgment analysis, often overlooking the critical appellate process within the judicial system. Appeals serve as a core mechanism for error correction and ensuring fair…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yuting Huang , Meitong Guo , Yiquan Wu , Ang Li , Xiaozhong Liu , Keting Yin , Changlong Sun , Fei Wu , Kun Kuang

India's linguistic landscape, spanning 22 scheduled languages and hundreds of marginalized dialects, has driven rapid growth in NLP datasets, benchmarks, and pretrained models. However, no dedicated survey consolidates resources developed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Raghvendra Kumar , Devankar Raj , Sriparna Saha

Recent advances and applications of language technology and artificial intelligence have enabled much success across multiple domains like law, medical and mental health. AI-based Language Models, like Judgement Prediction, have recently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Sahil Girhepuje , Anmol Goel , Gokul S Krishnan , Shreya Goyal , Satyendra Pandey , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Balaraman Ravindran

Divorce is the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court. Since this is usually an unpleasant outcome of a marital union, each party may have reasons to call the decision to quit which is generally documented in detail in the court…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Sujan Dutta , Parth Srivastava , Vaishnavi Solunke , Swaprava Nath , Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh

In India, access to legal assistance for the general public has been observed to have a critical gap, as many citizens are not able to take full advantage of their legal rights due to limited access and awareness of apposite legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Jatin Gupta , Akhil Sharma , Saransh Singhania , Ali Imam Abidi
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