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Vision Transformer (ViT) architectures traditionally employ a grid-based approach to tokenization independent of the semantic content of an image. We propose a modular superpixel tokenization strategy which decouples tokenization and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Marius Aasan , Odd Kolbjørnsen , Anne Schistad Solberg , Adín Ramirez Rivera

We introduce DC-AR, a novel masked autoregressive (AR) text-to-image generation framework that delivers superior image generation quality with exceptional computational efficiency. Due to the tokenizers' limitations, prior masked AR models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Yecheng Wu , Junyu Chen , Zhuoyang Zhang , Enze Xie , Jincheng Yu , Junsong Chen , Jinyi Hu , Yao Lu , Song Han , Han Cai

Vision Transformers rely on fixed patch tokens that ignore the spatial and semantic structure of images. In this work, we introduce an end-to-end differentiable tokenizer that adapts to image content with pixel-level granularity while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Marius Aasan , Martine Hjelkrem-Tan , Nico Catalano , Changkyu Choi , Adín Ramírez Rivera

Autoregressive (AR) visual generation has achieved remarkable performance but suffers from high memory usage and low throughput, as it requires caching previously generated visual tokens. Recent research has shown that retaining only a few…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Guotao Liang , Baoquan Zhang , Zhiyuan Wen , Yunming Ye

Most existing image tokenizers encode images into a fixed number of tokens or patches, overlooking the inherent variability in image complexity. To address this, we introduce Content-Adaptive Tokenizer (CAT), which dynamically adjusts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Junhong Shen , Kushal Tirumala , Michihiro Yasunaga , Ishan Misra , Luke Zettlemoyer , Lili Yu , Chunting Zhou

Autoregressive image modeling relies on visual tokenizers to compress images into compact latent representations. We design an end-to-end training pipeline that jointly optimizes reconstruction and generation, enabling direct supervision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wenda Chu , Bingliang Zhang , Jiaqi Han , Yizhuo Li , Linjie Yang , Yisong Yue , Qiushan Guo

Existing 1D visual tokenizers for autoregressive (AR) generation largely follow the design principles of language modeling, as they are built directly upon transformers whose priors originate in language, yielding single-hierarchy latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Xu Zhang , Cheng Da , Huan Yang , Kun Gai , Ming Lu , Zhan Ma

Autoregressive generative models of images tend to be biased towards capturing local structure, and as a result they often produce samples which are lacking in terms of large-scale coherence. To address this, we propose two methods to learn…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Jeffrey De Fauw , Sander Dieleman , Karen Simonyan

Vision Transformers (ViTs) are built on the assumption of treating image patches as ``visual tokens" and learn patch-to-patch attention. The patch embedding based tokenizer has a semantic gap with respect to its counterpart, the textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Ryan Grainger , Thomas Paniagua , Xi Song , Naresh Cuntoor , Mun Wai Lee , Tianfu Wu

While diffusion models dominate the field of visual generation, they are computationally inefficient, applying a uniform computational effort regardless of different complexity. In contrast, autoregressive (AR) models are inherently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jian Han , Jinlai Liu , Jiahuan Wang , Bingyue Peng , Zehuan Yuan

Visual Auto-Regressive modeling (VAR) has shown promise in bridging the speed and quality gap between autoregressive image models and diffusion models. VAR reformulates autoregressive modeling by decomposing an image into successive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Hermann Kumbong , Xian Liu , Tsung-Yi Lin , Ming-Yu Liu , Xihui Liu , Ziwei Liu , Daniel Y. Fu , Christopher Ré , David W. Romero

Autoregressive Model (AR) has shown remarkable success in conditional image generation. However, these approaches for multiple reference generation struggle with decoupling different reference identities. In this work, we propose the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Haiyue Sun , Qingdong He , Jinlong Peng , Peng Tang , Jiangning Zhang , Junwei Zhu , Xiaobin Hu , Shuicheng Yan

In this work, we present a novel direction to build an image tokenizer directly on top of a frozen vision foundation model, which is a largely underexplored area. Specifically, we employ a frozen vision foundation model as the encoder of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Anlin Zheng , Xin Wen , Xuanyang Zhang , Chuofan Ma , Tiancai Wang , Gang Yu , Xiangyu Zhang , Xiaojuan Qi

Visual autoregressive (AR) generation offers a promising path toward unifying vision and language models, yet its performance remains suboptimal against diffusion models. Prior work often attributes this gap to tokenizer limitations and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Qiyuan He , Yicong Li , Haotian Ye , Jinghao Wang , Xinyao Liao , Pheng-Ann Heng , Stefano Ermon , James Zou , Angela Yao

Manual font design is an intricate process that transforms a stylistic visual concept into a coherent glyph set. This challenge persists in automated Few-shot Font Generation (FFG), where models often struggle to preserve both the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haonan Cai , Yuxuan Luo , Zhouhui Lian

Transformers, which are popular for language modeling, have been explored for solving vision tasks recently, e.g., the Vision Transformer (ViT) for image classification. The ViT model splits each image into a sequence of tokens with fixed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Li Yuan , Yunpeng Chen , Tao Wang , Weihao Yu , Yujun Shi , Zihang Jiang , Francis EH Tay , Jiashi Feng , Shuicheng Yan

The tokenizer, as one of the fundamental components of large models, has long been overlooked or even misunderstood in visual tasks. One key factor of the great comprehension power of the large language model is that natural language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Run Shao , Zhaoyang Zhang , Chao Tao , Yunsheng Zhang , Chengli Peng , Haifeng Li

Generative modeling of high-dimensional data is a key problem in machine learning. Successful approaches include latent variable models and autoregressive models. The complementary strengths of these approaches, to model global and local…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Thomas Lucas , Jakob Verbeek

In autoregressive (AR) image generation, visual tokenizers compress images into compact discrete latent tokens, enabling efficient training of downstream autoregressive models for visual generation via next-token prediction. While scaling…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Tianwei Xiong , Jun Hao Liew , Zilong Huang , Jiashi Feng , Xihui Liu

Prevailing autoregressive (AR) models for text-to-image generation either rely on heavy, computationally-intensive diffusion models to process continuous image tokens, or employ vector quantization (VQ) to obtain discrete tokens with…