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Reconfigurable antenna systems (RASs), such as fluid antennas and movable antennas, are poised to play a pivotal role in sixth-generation (6G) systems by dynamically adapting the antenna elements for system performance enhancement. However,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-27 Chen Xu , Xianghao Yu

Reconfigurable surface (RS) has been shown to be an effective solution for improving wireless communication links in general multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) setting. Current research efforts have been largely directed…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Juan Vidal Alegria , Joao Vieira , Fredrik Rusek

The growing demands of 6G mobile communication networks necessitate advanced antenna technologies. Movable antennas (MAs) and reconfigurable antennas (RAs) enable dynamic control over antenna's position, orientation, radiation,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Lipeng Zhu , Haobin Mao , Ge Yan , Wenyan Ma , Zhenyu Xiao , Rui Zhang

Intelligent surfaces that reshape electromagnetic waves are regarded as disruptive technologies for wireless networks. However, existing designs sit at two costly extremes: dynamic reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) offer fine beam…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-24 Ziyuan Zheng , Qingqing Wu , Wen Chen , Weiren Zhu , Ying Gao

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has emerged as a cost-effective solution for green communications in 6G. However, its further extensive use has been greatly limited due to its fully passive characteristics. Considering the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Jintao Wang , Chengzhi Ma , Shiqi Gong , Xi Yang , Shaodan Ma

Rotatable intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) introduces a new spatial degree of freedom (DoF) by dynamically adjusting orientations without the need of changing its elements' positions in real time. To unleash the full potential of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-04 Qiaoyan Peng , Qingqing Wu , Guangji Chen , Wen Chen , Shaodan Ma , Shanpu Shen , Rui Zhang

A potential candidate technology for the development of future 6G networks has been recognized as Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS). However, due to the variation in radio link quality, traditional passive RISs only accomplish a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-26 Rashed Hasan Ratul , Muhammad Iqbal , Tabinda Ashraf , Jen-Yi Pan , Yi-Han Wang , Shao-Yu Lien

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are programmable metasurfaces that can adaptively steer received electromagnetic energy in desired directions by employing controllable phase shifting cells. Among other uses, an RIS can modify the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-15 Ender Ayanoglu , Filippo Capolino , A. Lee Swindlehurst

A communication link aided by a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is studied in which the transmitter can control the state of the RIS via a finite-rate control link. Channel state information (CSI) is acquired at the receiver based…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Roy Karasik , Osvaldo Simeone , Marco Di Renzo , Shlomo Shamai

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are widely considered a promising technology for future wireless communication systems. As an important indicator of RIS-assisted communication systems in green wireless communications, energy…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-25 Zhiyi Li , Jida Zhang , Jieao Zhu , Shi Jin , Linglong Dai

Terahertz (THz) systems have the benefit of high bandwidth and hence are capable of supporting ultra-high data rates, albeit at the cost of high pathloss. Hence they tend to harness high-gain beamforming. Therefore a novel hybrid 3D…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-07 Xufang Wang , Zihuai Lin , Feng Lin , Lajos Hanzo , Life Fellow

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) or Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) are metasurfaces that can be deployed in various places in wireless environments to make these environments controllable and reconfigurable. In this paper,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-22 S. Mohammad Razavizadeh , Tommy Svensson

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are envisioned to play a key role in future wireless communications, enabling programmable radio propagation environments. They are usually considered as almost passive planar structures that…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Haiyang Zhang , Nir Shlezinger , George C Alexandropoulos , Idban Alamzadeh , Mohammadreza F Imani , Yonina C Eldar

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are rapidly gaining prominence in the realm of fifth generation (5G)-Advanced, and predominantly, sixth generation (6G) mobile networks, offering a revolutionary approach to optimizing wireless…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Ertugrul Basar , George C. Alexandropoulos , Yuanwei Liu , Qingqing Wu , Shi Jin , Chau Yuen , Octavia A. Dobre , Robert Schober

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been explored as a supportive technology for wireless communication since around 2019. While the literature highlights the potential of RIS in different modern applications, two key issues have…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-10 Daniel C. Alcantara , Daniel V. C. de Oliveira , Gilderlan T. de Araújo , Paulo R. B. Gomes , André L. F. de Almeida

A primary objective of the forthcoming sixth generation (6G) of wireless networking is to support demanding applications, while ensuring energy efficiency. Programmable wireless environments (PWEs) have emerged as a promising solution,…

In this survey paper, we present an extensive review of the use of RIS in 6G radio localization, highlighting their pivotal role as a low-cost, energy-efficient technology that reshapes wireless communication and localization landscapes.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-05 Anum Umer , Ivo Müürsepp , Muhammad Mahtab Alam , Henk Wymeersch

The six-dimensional movable antenna (6DMA) is a promising technology to fully exploit spatial variation in wireless channels by allowing flexible adjustment of three-dimensional (3D) positions and rotations of antennas at the transceiver.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Qijun Jiang , Xiaodan Shao , Rui Zhang

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can improve the capacity of wireless communication links by passively beamforming the impinging signals in desired directions. This feature has been demonstrated both analytically and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-23 Emil Björnson , Özlem Tuğfe Demir

The reconfigurability of fluid antenna systems (FASs) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) provides significant flexibility in optimizing channel conditions by jointly adjusting the positions of fluid antennas and the phase shifts…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Xin Zhang , Dongfang Xu , Jingjing Wang , Shenghui Song , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Mérouane Debbah