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Animals (especially humans) have an amazing ability to learn new tasks quickly, and switch between them flexibly. How brains support this ability is largely unknown, both neuroscientifically and algorithmically. One reasonable supposition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-23 Kevin T. Feigelis , Daniel L. K. Yamins

The breakthrough in Deep Learning neural networks has transformed the use of AI and machine learning technologies for the analysis of very large experimental datasets. These datasets are typically generated by large-scale experimental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Jeyan Thiyagalingam , Mallikarjun Shankar , Geoffrey Fox , Tony Hey

Neuroscience is undergoing dramatic progress because of the vast data streams derived from the new technologies product of the BRAIN initiative and other enterprises. As any other scientific field, neuroscience benefits from having clear…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-09-22 Horacio G. Rotstein , Fidel Santamaria

Research in Artificial Intelligence is breaking technology barriers every day. New algorithms and high performance computing are making things possible which we could only have imagined earlier. Though the enhancements in AI are making life…

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly with the emergence of large language models (LLMs), have sparked a rethinking of artificial general intelligence possibilities. The increasing human-like capabilities of AI are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Ruoxi Xu , Yingfei Sun , Mengjie Ren , Shiguang Guo , Ruotong Pan , Hongyu Lin , Le Sun , Xianpei Han

Interactions with large language models have led to the suggestion that these models may soon be conscious. From the perspective of neuroscience, this position is difficult to defend. For one, the inputs to large language models lack the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-29 Jaan Aru , Matthew Larkum , James M. Shine

AI systems increasingly support human decision-making. In many cases, despite the algorithm's superior performance, the final decision remains in human hands. For example, an AI may assist doctors in determining which diagnostic tests to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Gali Noti , Kate Donahue , Jon Kleinberg , Sigal Oren

While deep learning has led to remarkable advances across diverse applications, it struggles in domains where the data distribution changes over the course of learning. In stark contrast, biological neural networks continually adapt to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Friedemann Zenke , Ben Poole , Surya Ganguli

A suite of impressive scientific discoveries have been driven by recent advances in artificial intelligence. These almost all result from training flexible algorithms to solve difficult optimization problems specified in advance by teams of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Ruairidh M. Battleday , Samuel J. Gershman

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has led to unprecedented computational demands, raising significant environmental and ethical concerns. This paper critiques the prevailing reliance on large-scale, static datasets and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 KC Santosh , Rodrigue Rizk , Longwei Wang

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been advancing at a fast pace and it is now poised for deployment in a wide range of applications, such as autonomous systems, medical diagnosis and natural language processing. Early adoption of AI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Marta Kwiatkowska , Xiyue Zhang

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly changing many areas of society. While this transformation has tremendous potential, there are several challenges as well. Using the history of computing and the world-wide web as a guide, in this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Risto Miikkulainen , Jerry Smith , Babak Hodjat

The last two decades have seen tremendous advances in Artificial Intelligence. The exponential growth in terms of computation capabilities has given us hope of developing humans like robots. The question is: are we there yet? Maybe not.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Madhav Agarwal , Siddhant Bansal

A major challenge in both neuroscience and machine learning is the development of useful tools for understanding complex information processing systems. One such tool is probes, i.e., supervised models that relate features of interest to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Anna A. Ivanova , John Hewitt , Noga Zaslavsky

For an artificial intelligence (AI) to be aligned with human values (or human preferences), it must first learn those values. AI systems that are trained on human behavior, risk miscategorising human irrationalities as human values -- and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Rebecca Gorman , Stuart Armstrong

Autonomous robots need to be able to adapt to unforeseen situations and to acquire new skills through trial and error. Reinforcement learning in principle offers a suitable methodological framework for this kind of autonomous learning.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-08-02 Nikolas J. Hemion

Inspired by key neuroscience principles, deep learning has driven exponential breakthroughs in developing functional models of perception and other cognitive processes. A key to this success has been the implementation of crucial features…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-07 Guillaume Etter

In today's world, AI programs powered by Machine Learning are ubiquitous, and have achieved seemingly exceptional performance across a broad range of tasks, from medical diagnosis and credit rating in banking, to theft detection via video…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-02 Jérémie Sublime

Understanding how animals learn is a central challenge in neuroscience, with growing relevance to the development of animal- or human-aligned artificial intelligence. However, existing approaches tend to assume fixed parametric forms for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yuhan Helena Liu , Victor Geadah , Jonathan Pillow