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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various applications, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive safety evaluations. In particular, the enhanced Chinese language proficiency of LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shuyi Liu , Simiao Cui , Haoran Bu , Yuming Shang , Xi Zhang

This paper addresses the critical gap in evaluating bias in multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs), with a specific focus on Spanish language within culturally-aware Latin American contexts. Despite widespread global deployment, current…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Melissa Robles , Catalina Bernal , Denniss Raigoso , Mateo Dulce Rubio

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) have minimized the fluency gap between languages. This advancement, however, exposes models to the risk of biased behavior, as knowledge and norms may propagate across languages. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Guy Mor-Lan , Omer Goldman , Matan Eyal , Adi Mayrav Gilady , Sivan Eiger , Idan Szpektor , Avinatan Hassidim , Yossi Matias , Reut Tsarfaty

New Natural Langauge Process~(NLP) benchmarks are urgently needed to align with the rapid development of large language models (LLMs). We present Xiezhi, the most comprehensive evaluation suite designed to assess holistic domain knowledge.…

Large Language Models(LLMs) have revolutionized various applications in natural language processing (NLP) by providing unprecedented text generation, translation, and comprehension capabilities. However, their widespread deployment has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Rajesh Ranjan , Shailja Gupta , Surya Narayan Singh

Large language models (LLMs) excel in various NLP tasks and modern medicine, but their evaluation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is underexplored. To address this, we introduce TCM3CEval, a benchmark assessing LLMs in TCM across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Tianai Huang , Lu Lu , Jiayuan Chen , Lihao Liu , Junjun He , Yuping Zhao , Wenchao Tang , Jie Xu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have underscored their importance in the evolution of artificial intelligence. However, despite extensive pretraining on multilingual datasets, available open-sourced LLMs exhibit limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Sang T. Truong , Duc Q. Nguyen , Toan Nguyen , Dong D. Le , Nhi N. Truong , Tho Quan , Sanmi Koyejo

Large language models (LLMs) are the foundation of the current successes of artificial intelligence (AI), however, they are unavoidably biased. To effectively communicate the risks and encourage mitigation efforts these models need adequate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Carolin M. Schuster , Maria-Alexandra Dinisor , Shashwat Ghatiwala , Georg Groh

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on multilingual tasks. Given its wide range of applications, cross-cultural understanding capability is a crucial competency. However, existing benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Shiwei Guo , Sihang Jiang , Qianxi He , Yanghua Xiao , Jiaqing Liang , Bi Yude , Minggui He , Shimin Tao , Li Zhang

Linguistic ambiguity is critical to the robustness of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet existing research focuses mostly on English, with limited attention devoted to Chinese. Existing Chinese ambiguity datasets (e.g., CHAmbi) suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Junwen Mo , Yuanzhi Lu , Yifang Xue , Ke Xu , Hideki Nakayama

The widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become commonplace, particularly with the emergence of open-source models. More importantly, smaller models are well-suited for integration into consumer devices and are frequently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

Evaluation frameworks for text summarization have evolved in terms of both domain coverage and metrics. However, existing benchmarks still lack domain-specific assessment criteria, remain predominantly English-centric, and face challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Hyangsuk Min , Yuho Lee , Minjeong Ban , Jiaqi Deng , Nicole Hee-Yeon Kim , Taewon Yun , Hang Su , Jason Cai , Hwanjun Song

In recent years, various methods have been proposed to evaluate gender bias in large language models (LLMs). A key challenge lies in the transferability of bias measurement methods initially developed for the English language when applied…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Kristin Gnadt , David Thulke , Simone Kopeinik , Ralf Schlüter

Large Language Models are cognitively biased judges. Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been shown to be effective as automatic evaluators with simple prompting and in-context learning. In this work, we assemble 15 LLMs of four…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Ryan Koo , Minhwa Lee , Vipul Raheja , Jong Inn Park , Zae Myung Kim , Dongyeop Kang

The evaluation of large language models (LLMs) has drawn substantial attention in the field recently. This work focuses on evaluating LLMs in a Chinese context, specifically, for Traditional Chinese which has been largely underrepresented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Po-Heng Chen , Sijia Cheng , Wei-Lin Chen , Yen-Ting Lin , Yun-Nung Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential and effectiveness across multiple application domains. To assess the performance of mainstream LLMs in public security tasks, this study aims to construct a specialized…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Xin Tong , Bo Jin , Zhi Lin , Binjun Wang , Ting Yu , Qiang Cheng

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into various software applications raises concerns about their potential biases. Typically, those models are trained on a vast amount of data scrapped from forums, websites, social media and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Sergio Morales , Robert Clarisó , Jordi Cabot

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used not only to generate text but also to evaluate it, raising urgent questions about whether their judgments are consistent, unbiased, and robust to framing effects. In this study, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Federico Germani , Giovanni Spitale

We present Belebele, a multiple-choice machine reading comprehension (MRC) dataset spanning 122 language variants. Significantly expanding the language coverage of natural language understanding (NLU) benchmarks, this dataset enables the…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted in educational settings. These applications expand beyond English, though current LLMs remain primarily English-centric. In this work, we ascertain if their use in education…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Vansh Gupta , Sankalan Pal Chowdhury , Vilém Zouhar , Donya Rooein , Mrinmaya Sachan