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Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled new ways to satisfy information needs. Although great strides have been made in applying them to settings like document ranking and short-form text generation, they still struggle to compose…

Evaluating Text Style Transfer (TST) is a complex task due to its multifaceted nature. The quality of the generated text is measured based on challenging factors, such as style transfer accuracy, content preservation, and overall fluency.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Phil Ostheimer , Mayank Nagda , Marius Kloft , Sophie Fellenz

We study the ability of large language models (LLMs) to generate comprehensive and accurate book summaries solely from their internal knowledge, without recourse to the original text. Employing a diverse set of books and multiple LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Javier Coronado-Blázquez

Recent studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) exhibit significant biases in evaluation tasks, particularly in preferentially rating and favoring self-generated content. However, the extent to which this bias manifests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yen-Shan Chen , Jing Jin , Peng-Ting Kuo , Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

Natural language generation (NLG) has received increasing attention, which has highlighted evaluation as a central methodological concern. Since human evaluations for these systems are costly, automatic metrics have broad appeal in NLG.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-01 Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei

The autonomous decision-making process, which is increasingly applied to computer systems, requires that the choices made by these systems align with human values. In this context, systems must assess how well their decisions reflect human…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Eduardo de la Cruz Fernández , Marcelo Karanik , Sascha Ossowski

Evaluating the output of generative large language models (LLMs) is challenging and difficult to scale. Many evaluations of LLMs focus on tasks such as single-choice question-answering or text classification. These tasks are not suitable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Sebastian Heineking , Jonas Probst , Daniel Steinbach , Martin Potthast , Harrisen Scells

The use of machine learning (ML) models to assess and score textual data has become increasingly pervasive in an array of contexts including natural language processing, information retrieval, search and recommendation, and credibility…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Marialena Bevilacqua , Kezia Oketch , Ruiyang Qin , Will Stamey , Xinyuan Zhang , Yi Gan , Kai Yang , Ahmed Abbasi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language generation. However, their output quality can be inconsistent, posing challenges for generating natural language from logical forms (LFs). This task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Levon Haroutunian , Zhuang Li , Lucian Galescu , Philip Cohen , Raj Tumuluri , Gholamreza Haffari

Recent efforts have evaluated large language models (LLMs) in areas such as commonsense reasoning, mathematical reasoning, and code generation. However, to the best of our knowledge, no work has specifically investigated the performance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Xuanfan Ni , Piji Li

Learning to generate fluent natural language from structured data with neural networks has become an common approach for NLG. This problem can be challenging when the form of the structured data varies between examples. This paper presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-12 Sebastian Gehrmann , Falcon Z. Dai , Henry Elder , Alexander M. Rush

Evaluating natural language generation (NLG) systems remains a core challenge of natural language processing (NLP), further complicated by the rise of large language models (LLMs) that aims to be general-purpose. Recently, large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Khaoula Chehbouni , Mohammed Haddou , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung , Golnoosh Farnadi

There are many ways to express similar things in text, which makes evaluating natural language generation (NLG) systems difficult. Compounding this difficulty is the need to assess varying quality criteria depending on the deployment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Kaitlyn Zhou , Su Lin Blodgett , Adam Trischler , Hal Daumé , Kaheer Suleman , Alexandra Olteanu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators for natural language generation, applying human-defined rubrics to assess system outputs. However, human rubrics are often static and misaligned with how models internally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Clemencia Siro , Pourya Aliannejadi , Mohammad Aliannejadi

Evaluating the quality of text generated by large language models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge. Traditional metrics often fail to align well with human judgments, particularly in tasks requiring creativity and nuance. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Jayr Pereira , Andre Assumpcao , Roberto Lotufo

Evaluation practices in natural language generation (NLG) have many known flaws, but improved evaluation approaches are rarely widely adopted. This issue has become more urgent, since neural NLG models have improved to the point where they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Sebastian Gehrmann , Elizabeth Clark , Thibault Sellam

Evaluating Natural Language Generation (NLG) is crucial for the practical adoption of AI, but has been a longstanding research challenge. While human evaluation is considered the de-facto standard, it is expensive and lacks scalability.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Maria Paz Oliva , Adriana Correia , Ivan Vankov , Viktor Botev

The evaluation of natural language generation (NLG) tasks is a significant and longstanding research area. With the recent emergence of powerful large language models (LLMs), some studies have turned to LLM-based automatic evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xinyu Hu , Li Lin , Mingqi Gao , Xunjian Yin , Xiaojun Wan

Natural language generation (NLG) spans a broad range of tasks, each of which serves for specific objectives and desires different properties of generated text. The complexity makes automatic evaluation of NLG particularly challenging.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Mingkai Deng , Bowen Tan , Zhengzhong Liu , Eric P. Xing , Zhiting Hu

Evaluating natural language generation systems is challenging due to the diversity of valid outputs. While human evaluation is the gold standard, it suffers from inconsistencies, lack of standardisation, and demographic biases, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Hanhua Hong , Chenghao Xiao , Yang Wang , Yiqi Liu , Wenge Rong , Chenghua Lin