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Voltage support capability is critical for grid-forming (GFM) inverters with current-limiting control (CLC) during grid faults. Despite the findings on the voltage support for symmetrical grid faults, its applicability to more common but…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-08 Han Zhang , Rui Liu , Yunwei , Li

Two central problems in modern control theory are the controller design problem: which deals with designing a control law for the dynamical system, and the state estimation problem (observer design problem): which deals with computing an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-31 Midhun T. Augustine

In a purely inverter-based microgrid, both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters will have a crucial role to play in frequency/voltage regulation and maintaining power sharing through their grid support capabilities.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-01 Ankit Singhal , Thanh Long Vu , Wei Du

This paper develops a risk-aware controller for grid-forming inverters (GFMs) to minimize large frequency oscillations in GFM inverter-dominated power systems. To tackle the high variability from loads/renewables, we incorporate a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-19 Kyung-bin Kwon , Sayak Mukherjee , Thanh Long Vu , Hao Zhu

This paper compares the impact of different conventional and emerging technologies and control strategies on frequency quality. We study, in particular, the long-term dynamic performance of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

Deploying synchronous condensers (SynCons) near grid-following renewable energy sources (GFLRs) is an effective and increasingly adopted strategy for grid support. However, the potential transient instability risks in such configurations…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Qinglan Wang , Xu Zhang , Huan Xie , Chuan Qin , Zhiguo Hao

A novel method for achieving a better performance using the combination of the available passive and active methods has been proposed. The algorithm detects the islanding in proper time by using harmonic detection, the average rate of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-02-22 Maziar Isapour Chehardeh , Ehsan M Siavashi

This paper presents the development of "Control-Sync," a novel firmware for universal inverters in microgrids, designed to enhance grid stability and flexibility. As hybrid PV-battery systems become increasingly prevalent, there is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-03 Fariba Fateh

Subsynchronous oscillations (SSOs) involving grid-following converters (GFLCs) connected to weak grids are a relatively new phenomena observed in modern power systems. SSOs are further exacerbated when grids become weaker because lines are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-13 Sina Ameli , Lilan Karunaratne , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri , Constantino Lagoa

This paper proposes a decentralized dynamic state estimation scheme for microgrids. The approach employs the voltage and current measurements in the dq0 reference frame through phasor synchronization to be able to exclude orthogonal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-09 Bang L. H. Nguyen , Tuyen V. Vu , Tuan A. Ngo

Synchronous reference frame phase-looked loop (SRF-PLL) techniques are widely used for interfacing and control applications in the power systems and energy conversion at large. Since a PLL system synchronizes its output with an exogenous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Michael Ruderman , Elia Brescia , Paolo Roberto Massenio , Giuseppe Leonardo Cascella , David Naso

Grid-following (GFL) inverters have very different large-signal stability characteristics to synchronous generators, and convenient concepts such as the equal-area criterion and global energy function do not apply in the same way. Existing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-01 Yifan Zhang , Yaoxin Wang , Yunjie Gu , Yitong Li , Sijia Geng , Yue Zhu , Hsiao-Dong Chiang , Timothy C. Green

A fully analytical controller design is proposed to tackle a periodic control problem for stable linear systems with an input delay. Applying the internal model control scheme, the controller design reduces to designing a filter, which is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-15 Can Kutlu Yüksel , Tomáš Vyhlídal , Jaroslav Bušek , Martin Hromčík , Silviu-Iulian Niculescu

This paper demonstrates the key features of a control system applicable to inverter-based resources (IBR), which is based on grid-forming technology. Such resources are classified as grid-forming or grid-following converters based on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Yangyadatta Tripathy , Barjeev Tyagi

As inverter-based loads and energy sources become increasingly prevalent, accurate estimation of line impedance between inverters and the grid is essential for optimizing performance and enhancing control strategies. This paper presents a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-10 Jaesang Park , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa Salapaka

Future power systems will include high shares of inverter-based generation. There is a general consensus that for allowing this transition, the Grid-Forming (GFM) control approach would be of great value. This article presents a GFM control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-08 Julian Freytes , Antoine Rossé , Valentin Costan , Grégoire Prime

This paper proposes a novel strategy for the current injection based control for distributed energy resources connected to weak grids through a voltage source converter experiencing faults. The current injection controller is no longer…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-13 Runfan Zhang , Branislav Hredzak

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) are a key component in the ongoing modernization of power systems, with grid-forming (GFM) inverters playing a central role. Effective fault current limiting is a major challenge to modernizing power systems…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-19 Zaid Ibn Mahmood , Hantao Cui , Ying Zhang

The increasing penetration of converter-based renewable generation has resulted in faster frequency dynamics, and low and variable inertia. As a result, there is a need for frequency control methods that are able to stabilize a disturbance…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-13 Jie Feng , Manasa Muralidharan , Rodrigo Henriquez-Auba , Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez , Yuanyuan Shi

Ground fault detection in inverter-based microgrid (IBM) systems is challenging, particularly in a real-time setting, as the fault current deviates slightly from the nominal value. This difficulty is reinforced when there are partially…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-11 Jingwei Dong , Yucheng Liao , Haiwei Xie , Jochen Cremer , Peyman Mohajerin Esfahani