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The Platonic Representation Hypothesis posits that neural networks trained on different modalities converge toward a shared statistical model of the world. Recent work exploits this convergence by aligning frozen pretrained vision and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Simon Roschmann , Paul Krzakala , Sonia Mazelet , Quentin Bouniot , Zeynep Akata

We develop a rigorous algebraic framework for deep convolutional architectures, CNNs, ResNets, and encoder--decoder networks such as UNet, grounded in lattice theory and mathematical morphology. The central tool is the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Gustavo , Angulo

There is growing evidence that independently trained AI systems come to represent the world in the same way. In other words, independently trained embeddings from text, vision, audio, and neural signals share an underlying geometry. We call…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-19 Akhil Ramidi , Kevin Scharp

Deep RL approaches build much of their success on the ability of the deep neural network to generate useful internal representations. Nevertheless, they suffer from a high sample-complexity and starting with a good input representation can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Vikram Waradpande , Daniel Kudenko , Megha Khosla

Semidefinite programs (SDPs) are a powerful framework for convex optimization and for constructing strong relaxations of hard combinatorial problems. However, solving large SDPs can be computationally expensive, motivating the use of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Chendi Qian , Christopher Morris

A main puzzle of deep neural networks (DNNs) revolves around the apparent absence of "overfitting", defined in this paper as follows: the expected error does not get worse when increasing the number of neurons or of iterations of gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Tomaso Poggio , Qianli Liao , Brando Miranda , Andrzej Banburski , Xavier Boix , Jack Hidary

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated success in solving complex sequential decision-making problems by integrating neural networks with the RL framework. However, training deep RL models poses several challenges, such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Sooraj Sathish , Keshav Goyal , Raghuram Bharadwaj Diddigi

When training neural networks, the use of Synthetic Gradients (SG) allows layers or modules to be trained without update locking - without waiting for a true error gradient to be backpropagated - resulting in Decoupled Neural Interfaces…

Embedding-based representations in Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^d$ are a cornerstone of modern machine learning, where a major goal is to use the \emph{smallest dimension} that faithfully captures data relations. In this work, we prove sharp…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Dionysis Arvanitakis , Vaggos Chatziafratis , Yiyuan Luo

High-level representations have become a central focus in enhancing AI transparency and control, shifting attention from individual neurons or circuits to structured semantic directions that align with human-interpretable concepts. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Bowei Tian , Xuntao Lyu , Meng Liu , Hongyi Wang , Ang Li

In this paper, we elucidate how representations in deep neural networks (DNNs) evolve during training. Our focus is on overparameterized learning settings where the training continues much after the trained DNN starts to perfectly fit its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yuval Sharon , Yehuda Dar

The Linear Representation Hypothesis (LRH) identifies features of a trained deep network (DN) as linear directions in the activation spaces, i.e., output spaces of intermediate layers. This characterization decouples the input-output maps…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Thomas Walker , Ahmed Imtiaz Humayun , Randall Balestriero , Richard Baraniuk

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) are known to suffer from performance degradation as the number of layers increases, which is usually attributed to over-smoothing. Despite the apparent consensus, we observe that there exists a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Weilin Cong , Morteza Ramezani , Mehrdad Mahdavi

This paper is a step-by-step, self-contained guide to the complete training cycle of a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) -- a topic that existing tutorials and guides typically delegate to automatic differentiation libraries without…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-21 Abdeladhim Tahimi

The standard approach to verify representations learned by Deep Neural Networks is to use them in specific tasks such as classification or regression, and measure their performance based on accuracy in such tasks. However, in many cases, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Anup Shakya , Abisha Thapa Magar , Somdeb Sarkhel , Deepak Venugopal

Deep neural networks (DNNs) achieve remarkable predictive performance but remain difficult to interpret, largely due to overparameterization that obscures the minimal structure required for interpretation. Here we introduce DeepIn, a…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-26 Zhiyao Tan , Liu Li , Huazhen Lin

Pattern learning in an important problem in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Some exhaustive pattern learning (EPL) methods (Bod, 1992) were proved to be flawed (Johnson, 2002), while similar algorithms (Och and Ney, 2004) showed great…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-04-21 Libin Shen

Although deep learning has shown its powerful performance in many applications, the mathematical principles behind neural networks are still mysterious. In this paper, we consider the problem of learning a one-hidden-layer neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Shuhao Xia , Yuanming Shi

Deep learning has shown promising results in many machine learning applications. The hierarchical feature representation built by deep networks enable compact and precise encoding of the data. A kernel analysis of the trained deep networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-22 Mandar Kulkarni , Shirish Karande

Recent work has shown that purely quadratic functions can replace MLPs in transformers with no significant loss in performance, while enabling new methods of interpretability based on linear algebra. In this work, we theoretically derive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Nora Belrose , Alice Rigg