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Serving long-context LLMs is costly because attention computation grows linearly with context length. Dynamic sparse attention algorithms (DSAs) mitigate this by attending only to the key-value (KV) cache of critical tokens. However, with…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Qihui Zhou , Peiqi Yin , Pengfei Zuo , James Cheng

Emerging applications such as AR are driving demands for machine intelligence capable of processing continuous and/or long-context inputs on local devices. However, currently dominant models based on Transformer architecture suffers from…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Saptarshi Mitra , Rachid Karami , Haocheng Xu , Sitao Huang , Hyoukjun Kwon

As long-context language modeling becomes increasingly important, the cost of maintaining and attending to large Key/Value (KV) caches grows rapidly, becoming a major bottleneck in both training and inference. While prior works such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu , Ben Lengerich , Ying Nian Wu

This paper presents a context key/value compression method for Transformer language models in online scenarios, where the context continually expands. As the context lengthens, the attention process demands increasing memory and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Jang-Hyun Kim , Junyoung Yeom , Sangdoo Yun , Hyun Oh Song

Scaling Transformers to ultra-long contexts is bottlenecked by the $O(n^2 d)$ cost of self-attention. Existing methods reduce this cost along the sequence axis through local windows, kernel approximations, or token-level sparsity, but these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yan Xie , Tiansheng Wen , Tangda Huang , Bo Chen , Chenyu You , Stefanie Jegelka , Yifei Wang

Despite the advantageous subquadratic complexity of modern recurrent deep learning models -- such as state-space models (SSMs) -- recent studies have highlighted their potential shortcomings compared to transformers on reasoning and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Destiny Okpekpe , Antonio Orvieto

The quadratic complexity of self attention in Transformer based LLMs renders long context inference prohibitively expensive. While Sliding Window Attention (SWA), the simplest sparse attention pattern, offers a linear complexity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Yijiong Yu , Jiale Liu , Qingyun Wu , Huazheng Wang , Ji Pei

Foundation models, now powering most of the exciting applications in deep learning, are almost universally based on the Transformer architecture and its core attention module. Many subquadratic-time architectures such as linear attention,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Albert Gu , Tri Dao

As Large Language Models (LLMs) scale to longer context windows, the computational cost of attention mechanisms, which traditionally grows quadratically with input length, presents a critical challenge for real-time and memory-constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 James Vo

The quadratic computational complexity of the attention mechanism in current Large Language Models (LLMs) renders inference with long contexts prohibitively expensive. To address this challenge, various approaches aim to retain critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Hongyin Tang , Di Xiu , Lanrui Wang , Xiurui Geng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai

Efficiently handling long contexts in transformer-based language models with low perplexity is an active area of research. Numerous recent approaches like Linformer, Longformer, Performer, and Structured state space models (SSMs)., have not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Sushant Singh , Ausif Mahmood

Self-attention mechanisms have achieved great success on a variety of NLP tasks due to its flexibility of capturing dependency between arbitrary positions in a sequence. For problems such as query-based summarization (Qsumm) and knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Yujia Xie , Tianyi Zhou , Yi Mao , Weizhu Chen

State space models (SSMs) for language modelling promise an efficient and performant alternative to quadratic-attention Transformers, yet show variable performance on recalling basic information from the context. While performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Aryaman Arora , Neil Rathi , Nikil Roashan Selvam , Róbert Csordás , Dan Jurafsky , Christopher Potts

Programming-based Pre-trained Language Models (PPLMs) such as CodeBERT have achieved great success in many downstream code-related tasks. Since the memory and computational complexity of self-attention in the Transformer grow quadratically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Tingting Liu , Chengyu Wang , Cen Chen , Ming Gao , Aoying Zhou

Sequence models lie at the heart of modern deep learning. However, rapid advancements have produced a diversity of seemingly unrelated architectures, such as Transformers and recurrent alternatives. In this paper, we introduce a unifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Ke Alexander Wang , Jiaxin Shi , Emily B. Fox

Modeling long sequences is crucial for various large-scale models; however, extending existing architectures to handle longer sequences presents significant technical and resource challenges. In this paper, we propose an efficient and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ning Wang , Zekun Li , Tongxin Bai , Guoqi Li

Transformers have demonstrated great success in numerous domains including natural language processing and bioinformatics. This success stems from the use of the attention mechanism by these models in order to represent and propagate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Nathaniel Tomczak , Sanmukh Kuppannagari

Recent works have demonstrated that attention-based transformer and large language model (LLM) architectures can achieve strong channel state prediction (CSP) performance by capturing long-range temporal dependencies across channel state…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Aladin Djuhera , Haris Gacanin , Holger Boche

Slim attention shrinks the context memory size by 2x for transformer models with MHA (multi-head attention), which can speed up inference by up to 2x for large context windows. Slim attention is an exact, mathematically identical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Nils Graef , Andrew Wasielewski

Despite their successes, deep learning models struggle with tasks requiring complex reasoning and function composition. We present a theoretical and empirical investigation into the limitations of Structured State Space Models (SSMs) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Nikola Zubić , Federico Soldá , Aurelio Sulser , Davide Scaramuzza
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