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To mitigate the computational complexity in the self-attention mechanism on long sequences, linear attention utilizes computation tricks to achieve linear complexity, while state space models (SSMs) popularize a favorable practice of using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Zicheng Liu , Siyuan Li , Li Wang , Zedong Wang , Yunfan Liu , Stan Z. Li

The attention mechanism within the transformer architecture enables the model to weigh and combine tokens based on their relevance to the query. While self-attention has enjoyed major success, it notably treats all queries $q$ in the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Xuechen Zhang , Xiangyu Chang , Mingchen Li , Amit Roy-Chowdhury , Jiasi Chen , Samet Oymak

Long-context LLMs have enabled numerous downstream applications but also introduced significant challenges related to computational and memory efficiency. To address these challenges, optimizations for long-context inference have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Yucheng Li , Huiqiang Jiang , Qianhui Wu , Xufang Luo , Surin Ahn , Chengruidong Zhang , Amir H. Abdi , Dongsheng Li , Jianfeng Gao , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu

The quadratic complexity of attention remains the central bottleneck in long-context inference for large language models. Prior acceleration methods either sparsify the attention map with structured patterns or permanently evict tokens at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Dongwon Jo , Beomseok Kang , Jiwon Song , Jae-Joon Kim

Processing long contexts has become a critical capability for modern large language models (LLMs). However, serving long-context LLMs comes with significant inference costs due to the high memory overhead of the key-value (KV) cache.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Qihui Zhou , Peiqi Yin , Pengfei Zuo , James Cheng

The spatial attention mechanism captures long-range dependencies by aggregating global contextual information to each query location, which is beneficial for semantic segmentation. In this paper, we present a sparse spatial attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Mengyu Liu , Hujun Yin

Large language models face significant cost challenges in long-sequence inference. To address this, reusing historical Key-Value (KV) Cache for improved inference efficiency has become a mainstream approach. Recent advances further enhance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Ziyi Cao , Qingyi Si , Jingbin Zhang , Bingquan Liu

The Transformer architecture, despite its widespread success, struggles with long-context scenarios due to quadratic computation and linear memory growth. While various linear attention variants mitigate these efficiency constraints by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yuqi Pan , Yongqi An , Zheng Li , Yuhong Chou , Ruijie Zhu , Xiaohui Wang , Mingxuan Wang , Jinqiao Wang , Guoqi Li

Hybrid models that combine state space models (SSMs) with attention mechanisms have shown strong performance by leveraging the efficiency of SSMs and the high recall ability of attention. However, the architectural design choices behind…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Hyunji Lee , Wenhao Yu , Hongming Zhang , Kaixin Ma , Jiyeon Kim , Dong Yu , Minjoon Seo

Long-context LLMs are increasingly in demand for applications such as retrieval-augmented generation. To defray the cost of pretraining LLMs over long contexts, recent work takes an approach of synthetic context extension: fine-tuning LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Xinyu Zhao , Fangcong Yin , Greg Durrett

Efficient long-context language modeling remains a significant challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP). While Transformers dominate language tasks, they struggle with long sequences due to quadratic computational complexity in…

Large language models (LLMs) now support extremely long context windows, but the quadratic complexity of vanilla attention results in significantly long Time-to-First-Token (TTFT) latency. Existing approaches to address this complexity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Qianchao Zhu , Jiangfei Duan , Chang Chen , Siran Liu , Guanyu Feng , Xin Lv , Xiao Chuanfu , Dahua Lin , Chao Yang

A key advantage of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) over Transformers is their linear computational and space complexity enables faster training and inference for long sequences. However, RNNs are fundamentally unable to randomly access…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Xiang Hu , Jiaqi Leng , Jun Zhao , Kewei Tu , Wei Wu

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced significantly due to the attention mechanism, but their quadratic complexity and linear memory demands limit their performance on long-context tasks. Recently, researchers introduced Mamba, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Wangjie You , Zecheng Tang , Juntao Li , Lili Yao , Min Zhang

State space models (SSMs) have demonstrated state-of-the-art sequence modeling performance in some modalities, but underperform attention in language modeling. Moreover, despite scaling nearly linearly in sequence length instead of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Daniel Y. Fu , Tri Dao , Khaled K. Saab , Armin W. Thomas , Atri Rudra , Christopher Ré

Transformer models have achieved superior performance in various natural language processing tasks. However, the quadratic computational cost of the attention mechanism limits its practicality for long sequences. There are existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Simiao Zuo , Xiaodong Liu , Jian Jiao , Denis Charles , Eren Manavoglu , Tuo Zhao , Jianfeng Gao

The increasing demand for long-context modeling in large language models (LLMs) is bottlenecked by the quadratic complexity of the standard self-attention mechanism. The community has proposed sparse attention to mitigate this issue.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jingze Shi , Yifan Wu , Yiran Peng , Bingheng Wu , Liangdong Wang , Guang Liu , Yuyu Luo

Long-context ability, has become one of the most important iteration direction of next-generation Large Language Models, particularly in semantic understanding/reasoning, code agentic intelligence and recommendation system. However, the…

Many natural language processing tasks solely rely on sparse dependencies between a few tokens in a sentence. Soft attention mechanisms show promising performance in modeling local/global dependencies by soft probabilities between every two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-06 Tao Shen , Tianyi Zhou , Guodong Long , Jing Jiang , Sen Wang , Chengqi Zhang

Modeling long-range dependencies in sequential data remains a central challenge in machine learning. Transformers address this challenge through attention mechanisms, but their quadratic complexity with respect to sequence length limits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Hoang-Quan Nguyen , Sankalp Pandey , Khoa Luu