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Pipeline parallelism (PP) has become a standard technique for scaling large language model (LLM) training across multiple devices. However, despite recent progress in reducing memory consumption through activation offloading, existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Hongpei Li , Han Zhang , Huikang Liu , Dongdong Ge , Yinyu Ye

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) with exponentially growing parameters is making cross-data center (DC) training an inevitable trend. However, viable strategies for extending single-DC training frameworks to multi-DC…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Jun Dai , Xiaorun Wang , Kexiong Fang , Zheng Yang , Yuefeng Ji , Jiawei Zhang

The increasing demand for intelligent mobile applications has made multi-agent collaboration with Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) essential in mobile edge computing (MEC) networks. However, training LLMs in such environments…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-25 Jiewei Chen , Xiumei Deng , Zehui Xiong , Shaoyong Guo , Xuesong Qiu , Ping Wang , Dusit Niyato

Data and pipeline parallelism are ubiquitous for training of Large Language Models (LLM) on distributed nodes. Driven by the need for cost-effective training, recent work explores efficient communication arrangement for end to end training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Nikolay Blagoev , Lydia Yiyu Chen , Oğuzhan Ersoy

Larger model sizes and longer sequence lengths have empowered the Large Language Model (LLM) to achieve outstanding performance across various domains. However, this progress brings significant storage capacity challenges for LLM…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Xinyuan Lin , Chenlu Li , Zongle Huang , Chunyu Wang , Bo Xiao , Huazhong Yang , Shishi Duan , Yongpan Liu

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) has made geographically distributed training necessary due to GPU scarcity within a single cloud region. In such cross-region settings, Pipeline Parallelism (PP) is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Han Zhang , Jianchun Liu , Hongli Xu

It is a challenging task to train large DNN models on sophisticated GPU platforms with diversified interconnect capabilities. Recently, pipelined training has been proposed as an effective approach for improving device utilization. However,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Shiqing Fan , Yi Rong , Chen Meng , Zongyan Cao , Siyu Wang , Zhen Zheng , Chuan Wu , Guoping Long , Jun Yang , Lixue Xia , Lansong Diao , Xiaoyong Liu , Wei Lin

Pipeline parallelism is an essential distributed parallelism method. Increasingly complex and diverse DNN models necessitate meticulously customized pipeline schedules for performance. However, existing practices typically rely on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Lijuan Jiang , Xingjian Qian , Zhenxiang Ma , Zan Zong , Hengjie Li , Chao Yang , Jidong Zhai

Pipeline Parallelism (PP) serves as a crucial technique for training Large Language Models (LLMs), owing to its capability to alleviate memory pressure from model states with relatively low communication overhead. However, in long-context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Zhouyang Li , Yuliang Liu , Wei Zhang , Tailing Yuan , Bin Chen , Chengru Song , Di Zhang

Pipeline parallelism is a crucial paradigm for large-scale model training. However, imbalances in memory footprint across stages can lead to significant GPU memory wastage, limiting the model sizes that pipeline parallelism can effectively…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Xuan Peng , Xuanhua Shi , Haolin Zhang , Yunfei Zhao , Xuehai Qian

Model parallelism has become a necessity for training modern large-scale deep language models. In this work, we identify a new and orthogonal dimension from existing model parallel approaches: it is possible to perform pipeline parallelism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Zhuohan Li , Siyuan Zhuang , Shiyuan Guo , Danyang Zhuo , Hao Zhang , Dawn Song , Ion Stoica

Training large language models (LLMs) is fundamentally constrained by limited device memory and costly inter-device communication. Although pipeline parallelism alleviates memory pressure by partitioning models across devices, it incurs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Houming Wu , Ling Chen

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) on consumer-grade GPUs is highly cost-effective, yet constrained by limited GPU memory and slow PCIe interconnects. Pipeline parallelism combined with CPU offloading mitigates these hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yibin Luo , Shiwei Gao , Huichuan Zheng , Youyou Lu , Jiwu Shu

Serving Large Language Models (LLMs) in production faces significant challenges from highly variable request patterns and severe resource fragmentation in serverless clusters. Current systems rely on static pipeline configurations that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yanying Lin , Shijie Peng , Chengzhi Lu , Chengzhong Xu , Kejiang Ye

With the rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in recommendation systems, the computational and communication bottlenecks caused by their massive parameter sizes and large data volumes have become increasingly prominent. This paper…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Haowei Yang , Yu Tian , Zhongheng Yang , Zhao Wang , Chengrui Zhou , Dannier Li

The time required for training the neural networks increases with size, complexity, and depth. Training model parameters by backpropagation inherently creates feedback loops. These loops hinder efficient pipelining and scheduling of the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Nanda K. Unnikrishnan , Keshab K. Parhi

Multi-task model training has been adopted to enable a single deep neural network model (often a large language model) to handle multiple tasks (e.g., question answering and text summarization). Multi-task training commonly receives input…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Chenyu Jiang , Zhen Jia , Shuai Zheng , Yida Wang , Chuan Wu

Scaling up deep neural network capacity has been known as an effective approach to improving model quality for several different machine learning tasks. In many cases, increasing model capacity beyond the memory limit of a single…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-29 Yanping Huang , Youlong Cheng , Ankur Bapna , Orhan Firat , Mia Xu Chen , Dehao Chen , HyoukJoong Lee , Jiquan Ngiam , Quoc V. Le , Yonghui Wu , Zhifeng Chen

To train modern large DNN models, pipeline parallelism has recently emerged, which distributes the model across GPUs and enables different devices to process different microbatches in pipeline. Earlier pipeline designs allow multiple…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Ziyue Luo , Xiaodong Yi , Guoping Long , Shiqing Fan , Chuan Wu , Jun Yang , Wei Lin

With the increasing scale of models, the need for efficient distributed training has become increasingly urgent. Recently, many synchronous pipeline parallelism approaches have been proposed to improve training throughput. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Houming Wu , Ling Chen , Wenjie Yu
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