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Fixing static analysis alerts in source code with Large Language Models (LLMs) is becoming increasingly popular. However, LLMs often hallucinate and perform poorly for complex and less common alerts. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yuan-An Xiao , Weixuan Wang , Dong Liu , Junwei Zhou , Shengyu Cheng , Yingfei Xiong

Masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to dominant autoregressive approaches. Although they achieve competitive performance on several tasks, a substantial gap remains in open-ended text generation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Mengyu Ye , Ryosuke Takahashi , Keito Kudo , Jun Suzuki

Large Language Models (LLMs) require careful safety alignment to prevent malicious outputs. While significant research focuses on mitigating harmful content generation, the enhanced safety often come with the side effect of over-refusal,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Justin Cui , Wei-Lin Chiang , Ion Stoica , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Deep learning classifiers are known to be vulnerable to adversarial examples. A recent paper presented at ICML 2019 proposed a statistical test detection method based on the observation that logits of noisy adversarial examples are biased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Hossein Hosseini , Sreeram Kannan , Radha Poovendran

Reasoning-augmented Vision-Language Models (RVLMs) rely on safety alignment to prevent harmful behavior, yet their exposed chain-of-thought (CoT) traces introduce new attack surfaces. In this work, we find that the safety alignment of RVLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Le Yu , Zhengyue Zhao , Yawen Zheng , Yunhao Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming a prominent generative AI tool, where the user enters a query and the LLM generates an answer. To reduce harm and misuse, efforts have been made to align these LLMs to human values using advanced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Xiaomeng Hu , Pin-Yu Chen , Tsung-Yi Ho

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in vision-language reasoning tasks, yet ensuring their safety remains a critical challenge. Recent input-side defenses detect unsafe images with CLIP and prepend safety…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Xingyu Zhu , Beier Zhu , Junfeng Fang , Shuo Wang , Yin Zhang , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

Auto-regressive Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable performance across different domains such as vision and language processing. However, due to sequential processing through a stack of transformer layers, autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Akriti Jain , Saransh Sharma , Koyel Mukherjee , Soumyabrata Pal

System prompt configuration can make the difference between near-total phishing blindness and near-perfect detection in LLM email agents. We present PhishNChips, a study of 11 models under 10 prompt strategies, showing that prompt-model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Ron Litvak

Perturbation probing generates task-specific causal hypotheses for FFN neurons in large language models using two forward passes per prompt and no backpropagation, followed by a one-time intervention sweep of about 150 passes amortized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Hongliang Liu , Tung-Ling Li , Yuhao Wu

This paper proposes a new loss function for adversarial training. Since adversarial training has difficulties, e.g., necessity of high model capacity, focusing on important data points by weighting cross-entropy loss has attracted much…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Sekitoshi Kanai , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Masanori Yamada , Hiroshi Takahashi , Kentaro Ohno , Yasutoshi Ida

With the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs), it has become a significant concern to ensure their safety and prevent harmful responses. While current safe-alignment methods based on instruction fine-tuning and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Xiaoyun Zhang , Zhengyue Zhao , Wenxuan Shi , Kaidi Xu , Di Huang , Xing Hu

With the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) and ever-evolving practical requirements, finding an efficient and effective alignment method has never been more critical. However, the tension between the complexity of current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jiaming Ji , Boyuan Chen , Hantao Lou , Donghai Hong , Borong Zhang , Xuehai Pan , Juntao Dai , Tianyi Qiu , Yaodong Yang

Uncertainty estimation for reasoning language models remains difficult to deploy in practice: sampling-based methods are computationally expensive, while common single-pass proxies such as verbalized confidence or trace length are often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Satwik Pandey , Suresh Raghu , Shashwat Pandey

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in security-sensitive applications, where they must follow system- or developer-specified instructions that define the intended task behavior, while completing benign user requests.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Shawn Li , Chenxiao Yu , Zhiyu Ni , Hao Li , Charith Peris , Chaowei Xiao , Yue Zhao

Large Language Models increasingly power critical infrastructure from healthcare to finance, yet their vulnerability to adversarial manipulation threatens system integrity and user safety. Despite growing deployment, no comprehensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Taiwo Onitiju , Iman Vakilinia

Reasoning models are evaluated on single-turn benchmarks but deployed in multi-turn dialogue, where users push back on correct answers. Under sustained adversarial pressure we find a previously undocumented failure mode: the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yubo Li , Ramayya Krishnan , Rema Padman

Large language models (LLMs) often require fine-tuning (FT) to perform well on downstream tasks, but FT can induce safety-alignment drift even when the training dataset contains only benign data. Prior work shows that introducing a small…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Guoli Wang , Haonan Shi , Tu Ouyang , An Wang

Text generation has a fundamental limitation almost by definition: there is no taking back tokens that have been generated, even when they are clearly problematic. In the context of language model safety, when a partial unsafe generation is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Yiming Zhang , Jianfeng Chi , Hailey Nguyen , Kartikeya Upasani , Daniel M. Bikel , Jason Weston , Eric Michael Smith

Recent works proposed test-time alignment methods that rely on a small aligned model as a proxy that guides the generation of a larger base (unaligned) model. The implicit reward approach skews the large model distribution, whereas the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ayoub Hammal , Pierre Zweigenbaum , Caio Corro
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