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In Green Software Development, quantifying the energy footprint of a software system is one of the most basic activities. This documents provides a high-level overview of how the energy footprint of a software system can be estimated to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Fernando Castor

Climate change is profoundly affecting nearly all aspects of life on earth, including human societies, economies and health. Various human activities are responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions, including data centres and other…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Loïc Lannelongue , Jason Grealey , Michael Inouye

Efficient use of energy is essential for today's supercomputing systems, as energy cost is generally a major component of their operational cost. Research into "green computing" is needed to reduce the environmental impact of running these…

Performance · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Stefano Corda , Bram Veenboer , Emma Tolley

Energy efficiency has become a growing concern in software development, leading to the need for tools designed to measure energy consumption. While several energy measurement tools are available as open-source projects, their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Manuela Bechara Cannizza , Michel Albonico

Machine learning (ML) has seen tremendous advancements, but its environmental footprint remains a concern. Acknowledging the growing environmental impact of ML this paper investigates Green ML, examining various model architectures and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Ioannis Mavromatis , Kostas Katsaros , Aftab Khan

As sustainability takes center stage across businesses, green and energy-efficient choices are more crucial than ever. While it is becoming increasingly evident that software and the software industry are substantial and rapidly evolving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Rohit Mehra , Vibhu Saujanya Sharma , Vikrant Kaulgud , Sanjay Podder , Adam P. Burden

Software metrics offer a quantitative basis for predicting the software development process. In this way, software quality can be improved very easily. Software quality should be achieved to satisfy the customer with decreasing the software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Junaid Rashid , Toqeer Mahmood , Muhamad Wasif Nisar

The proliferation of software and AI comes with a hidden risk: its growing energy and carbon footprint. As concerns regarding environmental sustainability come to the forefront, understanding and optimizing how software impacts the…

Concerns about the environmental footprint of machine learning are increasing. While studies of energy use and emissions of ML models are a growing subfield, most ML researchers and developers still do not incorporate energy measurement as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-25 Akshaya Jagannadharao , Nicole Beckage , Sovan Biswas , Hilary Egan , Jamil Gafur , Thijs Metsch , Dawn Nafus , Giuseppe Raffa , Charles Tripp

Most engineers use measurements to make decisions. However, measurements are rarely used for decisions about constructing software products. While many approaches to measuring attributes of software (``metrics'') have been developed, they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Ewan Tempero , Paul Ralph

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed locally for privacy and accessibility, yet users lack tools to measure their resource usage, environmental impact, and efficiency metrics. This paper presents EnviroLLM, an open-source…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Troy Allen

Software quality is considered as one of the most important challenges in software engineering. It has many dimensions which differ from users' point of view that depend on their requirements. Therefore, those dimensions lead to difficulty…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-06-21 Anas Shatnawi

Software is vital for the advancement of biology and medicine. Analysis of usage and impact metrics can help developers determine user and community engagement, justify additional funding, encourage additional use, identify unanticipated…

The need and theoretical methods for measuring and reducing CO2 emitted by computing systems are well understood, but real-world examples are still limited. We describe a journey towards green software for a live product running on a public…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-16 James Uther

Software metrics capture information about software development processes and products. These metrics support decision-making, e.g., in team management or dependency selection. However, existing metrics tools measure only a snapshot of a…

The sustainability impacts of ICT systems are difficult to assess and govern due to structural complexity, fragmented measurement practices, and unclear responsibilities across system layers. We argue that these challenges cannot be…

Metrics can be used by businesses to make more objective decisions based on data. Software startups in particular are characterized by the uncertain or even chaotic nature of the contexts in which they operate. Using data in the form of…

General Literature · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Kai-Kristian Kemell , Xiaofeng Wang , Anh Nguyen-Duc , Jason Grendus , Tuure Tuunanen , Pekka Abrahamsson

The necessity to adapt current products and services into a way of working environmentally friendly is already a social and economic demand. Although the GreenIT can be considered a mature discipline, software sustainability, both in its…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-01-23 Coral Calero , M. Angeles Moraga , Manuel F. Bertoa

As machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies become more widespread, concerns about their environmental impact are increasing due to the resource-intensive nature of training and inference processes. Green AI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Vincenzo De Martino , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Fabio Palomba

Software product quality can be defined as the features and characteristics of the product that meet the user needs. The quality of any software can be achieved by following a well defined software process. These software process results…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-19 Karuna Prasad , MG Divya , N Mangala
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