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Semantically coherent out-of-distribution (SCOOD) detection aims to discern outliers from the intended data distribution with access to unlabeled extra set. The coexistence of in-distribution and out-of-distribution samples will exacerbate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Fan Lu , Kai Zhu , Wei Zhai , Kecheng Zheng , Yang Cao

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data has become a critical component in ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in the real world. Existing OOD detection approaches primarily rely on the output or feature space for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Rui Huang , Andrew Geng , Yixuan Li

While there has been a growing research interest in developing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods, there has been comparably little discussion around how these methods should be evaluated. Given their relevance for safe(r) AI, it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Galadrielle Humblot-Renaux , Sergio Escalera , Thomas B. Moeslund

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for deploying machine learning models in open-world and safety-critical scenarios, where test inputs may deviate from the training distribution and overconfident predictions on unknown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Fengqiang Wan , Qing-Yuan Jiang , Yang Yang

Safe deployment of time-series classifiers for real-world applications relies on the ability to detect the data which is not generated from the same distribution as training data. This task is referred to as out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Taha Belkhouja , Yan Yan , Janardhan Rao Doppa

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for ensuring the reliability and safety of machine learning systems. In recent years, it has received increasing attention, particularly through post-hoc detection and training-based methods.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-04 Mouïn Ben Ammar , David Brellmann , Arturo Mendoza , Antoine Manzanera , Gianni Franchi

Predictive machine learning models generally excel on in-distribution data, but their performance degrades on out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. Reliable deployment therefore requires robust OOD detection, yet this is particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 David Graber , Victor Armegioiu , Rebecca Buller , Siddhartha Mishra

Detecting test-time distribution shift has emerged as a key capability for safely deployed machine learning models, with the question being tackled under various guises in recent years. In this paper, we aim to provide a consolidated view…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Hongjun Wang , Sagar Vaze , Kai Han

Recent studies show that using potential out-of-distribution (OOD) labels from large corpora as auxiliary information can improve OOD detection in vision-language models (VLMs). However, these methods often fail when real-world OOD samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yanqi Wu , Xinhua Lu , Runhe Lai , Qichao Chen , Jia-Xin Zhuang , Wei-Shi Zheng , Ruixuan Wang

Robustness to out-of-distribution (OOD) data is an important goal in building reliable machine learning systems. Especially in autonomous systems, wrong predictions for OOD inputs can cause safety critical situations. As a first step…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Andreas Sedlmeier , Thomas Gabor , Thomy Phan , Lenz Belzner , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has emerged as a popular technique to enhance the reliability of machine learning models by identifying unexpected inputs from unknown classes. Recent progress in pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuanwei Hu , Bo Peng , Yadan Luo , Zhen Fang , Ling Chen , Jie Lu

Numerous machine learning (ML) models have been developed, including those for software engineering (SE) tasks, under the assumption that training and testing data come from the same distribution. However, training and testing distributions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yanfu Yan , Viet Duong , Huajie Shao , Denys Poshyvanyk

Machine learning models deployed in the open world may encounter observations that they were not trained to recognize, and they risk misclassifying such observations with high confidence. Therefore, it is essential that these models are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Noah Fleischmann , Walter Bennette , Nathan Inkawhich

Existing Partial Label Learning (PLL) methods posit that training and test data adhere to the same distribution, a premise that frequently does not hold in practical application where Out-of-Distribution (OOD) objects are present. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Jintao Huang , Yiu-Ming Cheung , Chi-Man Vong

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying reliable machine learning models in open-world applications. Recent advances in CLIP-based OOD detection have shown promising results via regularizing prompt tuning with OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Geng Yu , Jianing Zhu , Jiangchao Yao , Bo Han

Molecular foundation models are rapidly advancing scientific discovery, but their unreliability on out-of-distribution (OOD) samples severely limits their application in high-stakes domains such as drug discovery and protein design. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Langzhou He , Junyou Zhu , Fangxin Wang , Junhua Liu , Haoyan Xu , Yue Zhao , Philip S. Yu , Qitian Wu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has received much attention lately due to its practical importance in enhancing the safe deployment of neural networks. One of the primary challenges is that models often produce highly confident…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Yiyou Sun , Chuan Guo , Yixuan Li

High-performing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, both anomaly and novel class, is an important prerequisite for the practical use of classification models. In this paper, we focus on the species recognition task in images concerned with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 L. E. Hogeweg , R. Gangireddy , D. Brunink , V. J. Kalkman , L. Cornelissen , J. W. Kamminga

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples are crucial for machine learning models deployed in open-world environments. Classifier-based scores are a standard approach for OOD detection due to their fine-grained detection capability.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Jaewoo Park , Yoon Gyo Jung , Andrew Beng Jin Teoh

The deployment of machine learning solutions in real-world scenarios often involves addressing the challenge of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. While significant efforts have been devoted to OOD detection in classical supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Loïc Le Bescond , Maria Vakalopoulou , Stergios Christodoulidis , Fabrice André , Hugues Talbot