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We propose InCA, a lightweight method for transfer learning that cross-attends to any activation layer of a pre-trained model. During training, InCA uses a single forward pass to extract multiple activations, which are passed to external…

In real-world applications, there is often a domain shift from training to test data. This observation resulted in the development of test-time adaptation (TTA). It aims to adapt a pre-trained source model to the test data without requiring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Pascal Schlachter , Bin Yang

Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) has long been a fundamental task in computer vision, with broad applications in various real-world scenarios. However, due to distribution shifts in appearance, motion pattern, and catagory between the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Wen Guo , Pengfei Zhao , Zongmeng Wang , Yufan Hu , Junyu Gao

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved substantial advances in logical reasoning, yet they continue to lag behind human-level performance. In-context learning provides a viable solution that boosts the model's performance via prompting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jianzhi Yan , Le Liu , Buzhou Tang , Yang Xiang , Dongning Sun , Zhiming Li

This paper introduces ReservoirTTA, a novel plug-in framework designed for prolonged test-time adaptation (TTA) in scenarios where the test domain continuously shifts over time, including cases where domains recur or evolve gradually. At…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Guillaume Vray , Devavrat Tomar , Xufeng Gao , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Evan Shelhamer , Behzad Bozorgtabar

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adjusting the model during the testing phase to cope with changes in sample distribution and enhance the model's adaptability to new environments. In real-world scenarios, models often encounter samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ziqiong Liu , Yushun Tang , Junyang Ji , Zhihai He

Visual-language models (VLMs) like CLIP exhibit strong generalization but struggle with distribution shifts at test time. Existing training-free test-time adaptation (TTA) methods operate strictly within CLIP's original feature space,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Jizhou Han , Chenhao Ding , SongLin Dong , Yuhang He , Xinyuan Gao , Yihong Gong

In this paper, we present PCoTTA, an innovative, pioneering framework for Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CoTTA) in multi-task point cloud understanding, enhancing the model's transferability towards the continually changing target domain.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Jincen Jiang , Qianyu Zhou , Yuhang Li , Xinkui Zhao , Meili Wang , Lizhuang Ma , Jian Chang , Jian Jun Zhang , Xuequan Lu

Minor Component Adaptation (MiCA) is a novel parameter-efficient fine-tuning method for large language models that focuses on adapting underutilized subspaces of model representations. Unlike conventional methods such as Low-Rank Adaptation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Sten Rüdiger , Sebastian Raschka

Test-time adaptation (TTA) seeks to tackle potential distribution shifts between training and testing data by adapting a given model w.r.t. any testing sample. This task is particularly important for deep models when the test environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Shuaicheng Niu , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yaofo Chen , Shijian Zheng , Peilin Zhao , Mingkui Tan

Since experiencing domain shifts during test-time is inevitable in practice, test-time adaption (TTA) continues to adapt the model after deployment. Recently, the area of continual and gradual test-time adaptation (TTA) emerged. In contrast…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Mario Döbler , Robert A. Marsden , Bin Yang

Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) excels at learning generalizable image representations but often falls short in zero-shot inference on certain downstream datasets. Test-time adaptation (TTA) mitigates this issue by adjusting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zixin Wang , Dong Gong , Sen Wang , Zi Huang , Yadan Luo

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has recently emerged as a promising approach for improving time series forecasting (TSF) under distribution shift. Existing TSF-TTA methods differ in how they utilize revealed targets, yet the resulting adaptation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haochun Wang , Ruichen Xu , Georgios Kementzidis , Karen Cho , Sebastian Ramirez Villarreal , Yuefan Deng

Adapting pre-trained representations has become the go-to recipe for learning new downstream tasks with limited examples. While literature has demonstrated great successes via representation learning, in this work, we show that substantial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Xiao Lin , Meng Ye , Yunye Gong , Giedrius Buracas , Nikoletta Basiou , Ajay Divakaran , Yi Yao

Vision-language models (VLMs), despite their extraordinary zero-shot capabilities, are vulnerable to distribution shifts. Test-time adaptation (TTA) emerges as a predominant strategy to adapt VLMs to unlabeled test data on the fly. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhichen Zeng , Wenxuan Bao , Xiao Lin , Ruizhong Qiu , Tianxin Wei , Xuying Ning , Yuchen Yan , Chen Luo , Monica Xiao Cheng , Jingrui He , Hanghang Tong

Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods have gained significant attention for enhancing the performance of vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP during inference, without requiring additional labeled data. However, current TTA researches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Lijun Sheng , Jian Liang , Ran He , Zilei Wang , Tieniu Tan

Test-time adaptive (TTA) semantic segmentation adapts a source pre-trained image semantic segmentation model to unlabeled batches of target domain test images, different from real-world, where samples arrive one-by-one in an online fashion.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Debasmit Das , Shubhankar Borse , Hyojin Park , Kambiz Azarian , Hong Cai , Risheek Garrepalli , Fatih Porikli

In Test-time Adaptation (TTA), given a source model, the goal is to adapt it to make better predictions for test instances from a different distribution than the source. Crucially, TTA assumes no access to the source data or even any…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Ansh Khurana , Sujoy Paul , Piyush Rai , Soma Biswas , Gaurav Aggarwal

Currently, pre-trained language models (PLMs) do not cope well with the distribution shift problem, resulting in models trained on the training set failing in real test scenarios. To address this problem, the test-time adaptation (TTA)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Yi Su , Yixin Ji , Juntao Li , Hai Ye , Min Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods, which generally rely on the model's predictions (e.g., entropy minimization) to adapt the source pretrained model to the unlabeled target domain, suffer from noisy signals originating from 1) incorrect or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Jungsoo Lee , Debasmit Das , Jaegul Choo , Sungha Choi