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Fine-tuning is a widespread technique that allows practitioners to transfer pre-trained capabilities, as recently showcased by the successful applications of foundation models. However, fine-tuning reinforcement learning (RL) models remains…

Mainstream issue-resolving frameworks predominantly rely on commercial models, leading to high costs and privacy concerns. Existing training approaches for issue resolving struggle with poor generalization and fail to fully leverage…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Zexiong Ma , Chao Peng , Pengfei Gao , Xiangxin Meng , Yanzhen Zou , Bing Xie

In this work, we propose Reinforced Functional Token Tuning (RFTT), a novel reinforced fine-tuning framework that empowers Large Language Models (LLMs) with self-play learn-to-reason capabilities. Unlike prior prompt-driven reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Kongcheng Zhang , Qi Yao , Baisheng Lai , Jiaxing Huang , Wenkai Fang , Dacheng Tao , Mingli Song , Shunyu Liu

The adaptation of large-scale Vision-Language Models (VLMs) through post-training reveals a pronounced generalization gap: models fine-tuned with Reinforcement Learning (RL) consistently achieve superior out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Aojun Lu , Tao Feng , Hangjie Yuan , Wei Li , Yanan Sun

Robot learning requires a considerable amount of high-quality data to realize the promise of generalization. However, large data sets are costly to collect in the real world. Physics simulators can cheaply generate vast data sets with broad…

Evolution Strategies (ES) has recently emerged as a competitive alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) fine-tuning, offering advantages through simplicity, scalability, and inference-only training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kajetan Schweighofer , Conor F. Hayes , Roberto Dailey , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods have become crucial for rapidly adapting large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. Prefix-Tuning, an early and effective PEFT technique, demonstrated the ability to achieve performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Haonan Wang , Brian Chen , Siquan Li , Xinhe Liang , Hwee Kuan Lee , Kenji Kawaguchi , Tianyang Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with problems that require multi-step reasoning. For small-scale open-source models, Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) fails when correct solutions are rarely sampled even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Yihe Deng , I-Hung Hsu , Jun Yan , Zifeng Wang , Rujun Han , Gufeng Zhang , Yanfei Chen , Wei Wang , Tomas Pfister , Chen-Yu Lee

Pretrained language models are commonly aligned with human preferences and downstream tasks via reinforcement finetuning (RFT), which refers to maximizing a (possibly learned) reward function using policy gradient algorithms. This work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Noam Razin , Hattie Zhou , Omid Saremi , Vimal Thilak , Arwen Bradley , Preetum Nakkiran , Joshua Susskind , Etai Littwin

Recent advancements in large vision-language models (LVLMs), such as GPT4-V and LLaVA, have been substantial. LLaVA's modular architecture, in particular, offers a blend of simplicity and efficiency. Recent works mainly focus on introducing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Yuan Liu , Le Tian , Xiao Zhou , Jie Zhou

Reinforcement finetuning (RFT) has become a standard approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, its impact on model trustworthiness remains underexplored. In this work, we identify and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Linxin Song , Taiwei Shi , Jieyu Zhao

Reinforcement Fine-Tuning (RFT) in Large Reasoning Models like OpenAI o1 learns from feedback on its answers, which is especially useful in applications when fine-tuning data is scarce. Recent open-source work like DeepSeek-R1 demonstrates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Ziyu Liu , Zeyi Sun , Yuhang Zang , Xiaoyi Dong , Yuhang Cao , Haodong Duan , Dahua Lin , Jiaqi Wang

Post-training Large Vision-and-Language Models (LVLMs) typically involves Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) for knowledge injection or Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) for performance enhancement. However, SFT often leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yuqi Liu , Liangyu Chen , Jiazhen Liu , Mingkang Zhu , Zhisheng Zhong , Bei Yu , Jiaya Jia

Memorization in large language models (LLMs) makes them vulnerable to data extraction attacks. While pre-training memorization has been extensively studied, fewer works have explored its impact in fine-tuning, particularly for LoRA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Fei Wang , Baochun Li

We aim to improve the reasoning capabilities of diffusion language models (DLMs). While SFT is a popular post-training recipe for autoregressive models, its use in DLMs faces challenges and can even hurt performance, though the underlying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Shubham Parashar , Atharv Chagi , Jacob Helwig , Lakshmi Jotsna , Sushil Vemuri , James Caverlee , Dileep Kalathil , Shuiwang Ji

Large Language Models (LLMs) require continuous updates to maintain accurate and current knowledge as the world evolves. While existing knowledge editing approaches offer various solutions for knowledge updating, they often struggle with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zichuan Fu , Xian Wu , Guojing Li , Yingying Zhang , Yefeng Zheng , Tianshi Ming , Yejing Wang , Wanyu Wang , Xiangyu Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have made rapid progress, yet adapting them to downstream scenarios still commonly relies on supervised fine-tuning (SFT). When downstream data exhibit a substantial distribution shift from the model's prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Jiacheng Wang , Ping Jian , Zhen Yang , Zirong Chen , Keren Liao , Zhongbin Guo

We present a controlled study of how dataset contamination interacts with the post-training stages now standard in large language model training pipelines. Starting from clean checkpoints of Qwen2.5 (0.5B/1.5B) and Gemma3 (1B/4B), we inject…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Muhammed Yusuf Kocyigit , Caglar Yildirim

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is widely used to inject new knowledge into language models, but it often degrades pretrained capabilities such as reasoning and general-domain performance. We argue this forgetting arises because fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jiarui Liu , Lechen Zhang , Yongjin Yang , Yinghui He , Yingheng Wang , Weihao Xuan , Zhijing Jin , Mona Diab

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been successful in various domains like robotics, game playing, and simulation. While RL agents have shown impressive capabilities in their specific tasks, they insufficiently adapt to new tasks. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Thomas Schmied , Markus Hofmarcher , Fabian Paischer , Razvan Pascanu , Sepp Hochreiter