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Ordinary differential equations (ODEs), via their induced flow maps, provide a powerful framework to parameterize invertible transformations for the purpose of representing complex probability distributions. While such models have achieved…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-09-06 Youssef Marzouk , Zhi Ren , Sven Wang , Jakob Zech

In this paper, we investigate computational power of threshold circuits and other theoretical models of neural networks in terms of the following four complexity measures: size (the number of gates), depth, weight and energy. Here the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Kei Uchizawa , Haruki Abe

Classical circuit complexity characterizes parallel computation in purely combinatorial terms, ignoring the physical constraints that govern real hardware. The standard classes $\mathbf{NC}$, $\mathbf{AC}$, and $\mathbf{TC}$ treat unlimited…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Benjamin Prada , Ankur Mali

What is the power of constant-depth circuits with $MOD_m$ gates, that can count modulo $m$? Can they efficiently compute MAJORITY and other symmetric functions? When $m$ is a constant prime power, the answer is well understood: Razborov and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Brynmor Chapman , Ryan Williams

We say that a circuit $C$ over a field $F$ functionally computes an $n$-variate polynomial $P$ if for every $x \in \{0,1\}^n$ we have that $C(x) = P(x)$. This is in contrast to syntactically computing $P$, when $C \equiv P$ as formal…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-05-16 Michael A. Forbes , Mrinal Kumar , Ramprasad Saptharishi

Recently, Bravyi, Gosset, and K\"{o}nig (Science, 2018) exhibited a search problem called the 2D Hidden Linear Function (2D HLF) problem that can be solved exactly by a constant-depth quantum circuit using bounded fan-in gates (or QNC^0…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-24 Adam Bene Watts , Robin Kothari , Luke Schaeffer , Avishay Tal

We give the first super-polynomial separation in the power of bounded-depth boolean formulas vs. circuits. Specifically, we consider the problem Distance $k(n)$ Connectivity, which asks whether two specified nodes in a graph of size $n$ are…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-12-03 Benjamin Rossman

Realizations of stochastic process are often observed temporal data or functional data. There are growing interests in classification of dynamic or functional data. The basic feature of functional data is that the functional data have…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-10-28 Lerong Li , Momiao Xiong

Proving complexity lower bounds remains a challenging task: we only know how to prove conditional uniform lower bounds and nonuniform lower bounds in restricted circuit models. Williams (STOC 2010) showed how to derive nonuniform lower…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nikolai Chukhin , Alexander S. Kulikov , Ivan Mihajlin , Arina Smirnova

In this paper, we investigate an approach to circuit lower bounds via bounded width circuits. The approach consists of two steps: (i) We convert circuits to (deterministic or nondeterministic) bounded width circuits. (ii) We prove lower…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Hiroki Morizumi

We demonstrate that the unbounded fan-out gate is very powerful. Constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits with bounded fan-in and unbounded fan-out over a fixed basis (denoted by QNCf^0) can approximate with polynomially small error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-10 Peter Hoyer , Robert Spalek

Neural ODEs (NODEs) have emerged as powerful tools for modeling time series data, offering the flexibility to adapt to varying input scales and capture complex dynamics. However, they face significant challenges: first, their reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Muhao Guo , Yang Weng

Comparator circuits are a natural circuit model for studying bounded fan-out computation whose power sits between nondeterministic branching programs and general circuits. Despite having been studied for nearly three decades, the first…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Bruno P. Cavalar , Zhenjian Lu

We consider flows of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) driven by path differentiable vector fields. Path differentiable functions constitute a proper subclass of Lipschitz functions which admit conservative gradients, a notion of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Swann Marx , Edouard Pauwels

Recent works on optical flow estimation use neural networks to predict the flow field that maps positions of one image to positions of the other. These networks consist of a feature extractor, a correlation volume, and finally several…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Leyla Mirvakhabova , Hong Cai , Jisoo Jeong , Hanno Ackermann , Farhad Zanjani , Fatih Porikli

$\mathsf{QAC}^0$ is the class of constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits constructed from arbitrary single-qubit gates and generalized Toffoli gates. It is arguably the smallest natural class of constant-depth quantum computation…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Daniel Grier , Jackson Morris , Kewen Wu

The relevance of shallow-depth quantum circuits has recently increased, mainly due to their applicability to near-term devices. In this context, one of the main goals of quantum circuit complexity is to find problems that can be solved by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Alex Bredariol Grilo , Elham Kashefi , Damian Markham , Michael de Oliveira

We prove the first Fixed-depth Size-hierarchy Theorem for uniform AC$^0[\oplus]$ circuits; in particular, for fixed $d$, the class $\mathcal{C}_{d,k}$ of uniform AC$^0[\oplus]$ formulas of depth $d$ and size $n^k$ form an infinite…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-02-21 Nutan Limaye , Karteek Sreenivasaiah , Srikanth Srinivasan , Utkarsh Tripathi , S. Venkitesh

First-order model counting (FOMC) is a computational problem that asks to count the models of a sentence in finite-domain first-order logic. In this paper, we argue that the capabilities of FOMC algorithms to date are limited by their…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Paulius Dilkas , Vaishak Belle

We show that there is a randomized algorithm that, when given a small constant-depth Boolean circuit $C$ made up of gates that compute constant-degree Polynomial Threshold functions or PTFs (i.e., Boolean functions that compute signs of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Swapnam Bajpai , Vaibhav Krishan , Deepanshu Kush , Nutan Limaye , Srikanth Srinivasan