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Processing-in-Memory (PIM) architectures offer promising solutions for efficiently handling AI applications in energy-constrained edge environments. While traditional PIM designs enhance performance and energy efficiency by reducing data…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Sangmin Jeon , Kangju Lee , Kyeongwon Lee , Woojoo Lee

In recent years, the energy consumption of computing systems has increased and a large fraction of this energy is consumed in main memory. Towards this, researchers have proposed use of non-volatile memory, such as phase change memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2013-09-17 Sparsh Mittal

Nowadays, various memory-hungry applications like machine learning algorithms are knocking "the memory wall". Toward this, emerging memories featuring computational capacity are foreseen as a promising solution that performs data process…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Jia-Hui Su , Chen-Hua Lu , Jenq Kuen Lee , Andrea Coluccio , Fabrizio Riente , Marco Vacca , Marco Ottavi , Kuan-Hsun Chen

Stochastic computing (SC) offers hardware simplicity but suffers from low throughput, while high-throughput Digital Computing-in-Memory (DCIM) is bottlenecked by costly adder logic for matrix-vector multiplication (MVM). To address this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Kunming Shao , Liang Zhao , Jiangnan Yu , Zhipeng Liao , Xiaomeng Wang , Yi Zou , Tim Kwang-Ting Cheng , Chi-Ying Tsui

Content Addressable Memories (CAMs) are considered a key-enabler for in-memory computing (IMC). IMC shows order of magnitude improvement in energy efficiency and throughput compared to traditional computing techniques. Recently, analog CAMs…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Jinane Bazzi , Jana Sweidan , Mohammed E. Fouda , Rouwaida Kanj , Ahmed M. Eltawil

Processing-in-Memory (PIM) enhances memory with computational capabilities, potentially solving energy and latency issues associated with data transfer between memory and processors. However, managing concurrent computation and data flow…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Ahmed Mamdouh , Haoran Geng , Michael Niemier , Xiaobo Sharon Hu , Dayane Reis

Electrochemical random-access memory (ECRAM) is a recently developed and highly promising analog resistive memory element for in-memory computing. One longstanding challenge of ECRAM is attaining retention time beyond a few hours. This…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Diana Kim , Virgil Watkins , Laszlo Cline , Jingxian Li , Kai Sun , Joshua D. Sugar , Elliot J. Fuller , A. Alec Talin , Yiyang Li

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are becoming a promising technique in various domains due to their excellent capabilities in modeling non-Euclidean data. Although a spectrum of accelerators has been proposed to accelerate the inference of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Zeyu Zhu , Fanrong Li , Gang Li , Zejian Liu , Zitao Mo , Qinghao Hu , Xiaoyao Liang , Jian Cheng

Edge deployment of low-batch large language models (LLMs) faces critical memory bandwidth bottlenecks when executing memory-intensive general matrix-vector multiplications (GEMV) operations. While digital processing-in-memory (PIM)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ye Lin , Chao Fang , Xiaoyong Song , Qi Wu , Anying Jiang , Yichuan Bai , Li Du

The rapid growth of deep neural network (DNN) workloads has significantly increased the demand for large-capacity on-chip SRAM in machine learning (ML) applications, with SRAM arrays now occupying a substantial fraction of the total die…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Subhradip Chakraborty , Ankur Singh , Xuming Chen , Gourav Datta , Akhilesh R. Jaiswal

Edge computing is a popular target for accelerating machine learning algorithms supporting mobile devices without requiring the communication latencies to handle them in the cloud. Edge deployments of machine learning primarily consider…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Sébastien Ollivier , Sheng Li , Yue Tang , Chayanika Chaudhuri , Peipei Zhou , Xulong Tang , Jingtong Hu , Alex K. Jones

This paper presents a tutorial and review of SRAM-based Compute-in-Memory (CIM) circuits, with a focus on both Digital CIM (DCIM) and Analog CIM (ACIM) implementations. We explore the fundamental concepts, architectures, and operational…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Kentaro Yoshioka , Shimpei Ando , Satomi Miyagi , Yung-Chin Chen , Wenlun Zhang

Episodic memory-based methods can rapidly latch onto past successful strategies by a non-parametric memory and improve sample efficiency of traditional reinforcement learning. However, little effort is put into the continuous domain, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Hao Hu , Jianing Ye , Guangxiang Zhu , Zhizhou Ren , Chongjie Zhang

Digital In-memory computing improves energy efficiency and throughput of a data-intensive process, which incur memory thrashing and, resulting multiple same memory accesses in a von Neumann architecture. Digital in-memory computing involves…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Veerendra S Devaraddi , Joycee M. Mekie

Modern computing systems suffer from the dichotomy between computation on one side, which is performed only in the processor (and accelerators), and data storage/movement on the other, which all other parts of the system are dedicated to.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-14 Onur Mutlu , Saugata Ghose , Juan Gómez-Luna , Rachata Ausavarungnirun

The General Associative Memory Model (GAMM) has a constant state-dependant energy surface that leads the output dynamics to fixed points, retrieving single memories from a collection of memories that can be asynchronously preloaded. We…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Arjun Karuvally , Terry J. Sejnowski , Hava T. Siegelmann

The quest for energy-efficient, scalable neuromorphic computing has elevated compute-in-memory (CIM) architectures to the forefront of hardware innovation. While memristive memories have been extensively explored for synaptic implementation…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-08-20 Kapil Bhardwaj , Ella Paasio , Sayani Majumdar

Across applications, DRAM is a significant contributor to the overall system power, with the DRAM access energy per bit up to three orders of magnitude higher compared to on-chip memory accesses. To improve the power efficiency, DRAM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-03-22 Radhika Jagtap , Matthias Jung , Wendy Elsasser , Christian Weis , Andreas Hansson , Norbert Wehn

Compute-in-memory (CIM) techniques are widely employed in energy-efficient artificial intelligent (AI) processors. They alleviate power and latency bottlenecks caused by extensive data movements between compute and storage units. To extend…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Jianyi Yu , Tengxiao Wang , Yuxuan Wang , Xiang Fu , Fei Qiao , Ying Wang , Rui Yuan , Liyuan Liu , Cong Shi

Magneto-Electric FET (MEFET) is a recently developed post-CMOS FET, which offers intriguing characteristics for high speed and low-power design in both logic and memory applications. In this paper, for the first time, we propose a…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Shaahin Angizi , Navid Khoshavi , Andrew Marshall , Peter Dowben , Deliang Fan