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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides a powerful framework for leveraging unlabeled data when labels are limited or expensive to obtain. SSL algorithms based on deep neural networks have recently proven successful on standard benchmark…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Jiaxing Wang , Yin Zheng , Xiaoshuang Chen , Junzhou Huang , Jian Cheng

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has made significant strides in the field of remote sensing. Finding a large number of labeled datasets for SSL methods is uncommon, and manually labeling datasets is expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Fahmida Tasnim Lisa , Md. Zarif Hossain , Sharmin Naj Mou , Shahriar Ivan , Md. Hasanul Kabir

In current Internet-of-Things (IoT) deployments, a mix of traditional IP networking and IoT specific protocols, both relying on the TCP protocol, can be used to transport data from a source to a destination. Therefore, TCP-specific attacks,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Pheeha Machaka , Olasupo Ajayi , Hloniphani Maluleke , Ferdinand Kahenga , Antoine Bagula , Kyandoghere Kyamakya

The emergence of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has changed the network structure by separating the control plane from the data plane. However, this innovation has also increased susceptibility to DDoS attacks. Existing detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Md. Ehsanul Haque , Amran Hossain , Md. Shafiqul Alam , Ahsan Habib Siam , Sayed Md Fazle Rabbi , Md. Muntasir Rahman

Semi-supervised machine learning (SSL) is gaining popularity as it reduces the cost of training ML models. It does so by using very small amounts of (expensive, well-inspected) labeled data and large amounts of (cheap, non-inspected)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Virat Shejwalkar , Lingjuan Lyu , Amir Houmansadr

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has shown great promise in leveraging unlabeled data to improve model performance. While standard SSL assumes uniform data distribution, we consider a more realistic and challenging setting called imbalanced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Hao Chen , Yue Fan , Yidong Wang , Jindong Wang , Bernt Schiele , Xing Xie , Marios Savvides , Bhiksha Raj

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has been a powerful strategy to incorporate few labels in learning better representations. In this paper, we focus on a practical scenario that one aims to apply SSL when unlabeled data may contain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-22 Jongjin Park , Sukmin Yun , Jongheon Jeong , Jinwoo Shin

Existing semi-supervised learning (SSL) methods assume that labeled and unlabeled data share the same class space. However, in real-world applications, unlabeled data always contain classes not present in the labeled set, which may cause…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Wenjuan Xi , Xin Song , Weili Guo , Yang Yang

While semi-supervised learning (SSL) has received tremendous attentions in many machine learning tasks due to its successful use of unlabeled data, existing SSL algorithms use either all unlabeled examples or the unlabeled examples with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Yi Xu , Lei Shang , Jinxing Ye , Qi Qian , Yu-Feng Li , Baigui Sun , Hao Li , Rong Jin

The increasing popularity of web-based applications has led to several critical services being provided over the Internet. This has made it imperative to monitor the network traffic so as to prevent malicious attackers from depleting the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2011-01-17 Jaydip Sen

The proliferation of cloud-integrated IoT systems has intensified exposure to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks due to the expanded attack surface, heterogeneous device behaviors, and limited edge protection. However, DDoS…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Tongxi Wu , Chenwei Xu , Jin Yang

Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks remain a serious threat to online infrastructure, often bypassing detection by altering traffic in subtle ways. We present a method using hive-plot sequences of network data and a 3D…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Landon Bragg , Nathan Dorsey , Josh Prior , John Ajit , Ben Kim , Nate Willis , Pablo Rivas

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithm is a setup built upon a realistic assumption that access to a large amount of labeled data is tough. In this study, we present a generalized framework, named SCAR, standing for Selecting Clean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Dongyoon Yang , Kunwoong Kim , Yongdai Kim

The advancement of deep learning has greatly improved supervised image classification. However, labeling data is costly, prompting research into unsupervised learning methods such as contrastive learning. In real-world scenarios, fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Shogo Nakayama , Masahiro Okuda

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides an effective means of leveraging unlabelled data to improve a model performance. Even though the domain has received a considerable amount of attention in the past years, most methods present the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-06 Hugo Schmutz , Olivier Humbert , Pierre-Alexandre Mattei

Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) under class distribution mismatch aims to tackle a challenging problem wherein unlabeled data contain lots of unknown categories unseen in the labeled ones. In such mismatch scenarios, traditional SSL suffers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Pan Du , Suyun Zhao , Zisen Sheng , Cuiping Li , Hong Chen

Prevention of cyber attacks on the critical network resources has become an important issue as the traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are no longer effective due to the high volume of network traffic and the deceptive patterns…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Tanmoy Kanti Das , S. Gangopadhyay , Jianying Zhou

Cloud computing environments are increasingly vulnerable to security threats such as distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks and SQL injection. Traditional security mechanisms, based on rule matching and feature recognition, struggle…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Yuqing Wang , Xiao Yang

Recently, deep learning has experienced rapid expansion, contributing significantly to the progress of supervised learning methodologies. However, acquiring labeled data in real-world settings can be costly, labor-intensive, and sometimes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jicheng Yuan , Anh Le-Tuan , Ali Ganbarov , Manfred Hauswirth , Danh Le-Phuoc

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms struggle to perform well when exposed to imbalanced training data. In this scenario, the generated pseudo-labels can exhibit a bias towards the majority class, and models that employ these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Zeju Li , Ying-Qiu Zheng , Chen Chen , Saad Jbabdi