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The rapid evolution of malware attacks calls for the development of innovative detection methods, especially in resource-constrained edge computing. Traditional detection techniques struggle to keep up with modern malware's sophistication…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Christian Rondanini , Barbara Carminati , Elena Ferrari , Antonio Gaudiano , Ashish Kundu

Although LLMs have shown promising potential in vulnerability detection, this study reveals their limitations in distinguishing between vulnerable and similar-but-benign patched code (only 0.06 - 0.14 accuracy). It shows that LLMs struggle…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Xueying Du , Geng Zheng , Kaixin Wang , Yi Zou , Yujia Wang , Wentai Deng , Jiayi Feng , Mingwei Liu , Bihuan Chen , Xin Peng , Tao Ma , Yiling Lou

This paper investigates the application of natural language processing (NLP)-based n-gram analysis and machine learning techniques to enhance malware classification. We explore how NLP can be used to extract and analyze textual features…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Bishwajit Prasad Gond , Rajneekant , Pushkar Kishore , Durga Prasad Mohapatra

Despite various approaches being employed to detect vulnerabilities, the number of reported vulnerabilities shows an upward trend over the years. This suggests the problems are not caught before the code is released, which could be caused…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Karl Tamberg , Hayretdin Bahsi

Despite outstanding results, machine learning-based Android malware detection models struggle with concept drift, where rapidly evolving malware characteristics degrade model effectiveness. This study examines the impact of concept drift on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ahmed Sabbah , Radi Jarrar , Samer Zein , David Mohaisen

The widespread adoption of Android devices for sensitive operations like banking and communication has made them prime targets for cyber threats, particularly Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) and sophisticated malware attacks. Traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Dincy R Arikkat , Vinod P. , Rafidha Rehiman K. A. , Serena Nicolazzo , Marco Arazzi , Antonino Nocera , Mauro Conti

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has shown impressive capability in providing reliable answer predictions and addressing hallucination problems. A typical RAG implementation uses powerful retrieval models to extract external information…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Ziwei Liu , Liang Zhang , Qian Li , Jianghua Wu , Guangxu Zhu

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by mitigating hallucinations and outdated information issues, yet simultaneously facilitates unauthorized data appropriation at scale. This paper addresses this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Peiyang Liu , Ziqiang Cui , Di Liang , Wei Ye

To cope with the increasing variability and sophistication of modern attacks, machine learning has been widely adopted as a statistically-sound tool for malware detection. However, its security against well-crafted attacks has not only been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-05-01 Ambra Demontis , Marco Melis , Battista Biggio , Davide Maiorca , Daniel Arp , Konrad Rieck , Igino Corona , Giorgio Giacinto , Fabio Roli

In this paper, we develop four malware detection methods using Hamming distance to find similarity between samples which are first nearest neighbors (FNN), all nearest neighbors (ANN), weighted all nearest neighbors (WANN), and k-medoid…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Rahim Taheri , Meysam Ghahramani , Reza Javidan , Mohammad Shojafar , Zahra Pooranian , Mauro Conti

The Android operating system is the most spread mobile platform in the world. Therefor attackers are producing an incredible number of malware applications for Android. Our aim is to detect Android's malware in order to protect the user. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Alain Menelet , Charles-Edmond Bichot

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) frameworks improve the accuracy of large language models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge from retrieved documents, thereby overcoming the limitations of models' static intrinsic knowledge.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Jingjie Zheng , Aryo Pradipta Gema , Giwon Hong , Xuanli He , Pasquale Minervini , Youcheng Sun , Qiongkai Xu

Permission analysis is a widely used method for Android malware detection. It involves examining the permissions requested by an application to access sensitive data or perform potentially malicious actions. In recent years, various machine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ahmed Sabbah , Radi Jarrar , Samer Zein , David Mohaisen

Malware represents a significant security concern in today's digital landscape, as it can destroy or disable operating systems, steal sensitive user information, and occupy valuable disk space. However, current malware detection methods,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Chenzhong Yin , Hantang Zhang , Mingxi Cheng , Xiongye Xiao , Xinghe Chen , Xin Ren , Paul Bogdan

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) expands the capabilities of modern large language models (LLMs), by anchoring, adapting, and personalizing their responses to the most relevant knowledge sources. It is particularly useful in chatbot…

When machine learning is used for Android malware detection, an app needs to be represented in a numerical format for training and testing. We identify a widespread occurrence of distinct Android apps that have identical or nearly identical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Guojun Liu , Doina Caragea , Xinming Ou , Sankardas Roy

Dynamic malware analysis executes the program in an isolated environment and monitors its run-time behaviour (e.g. system API calls) for malware detection. This technique has been proven to be effective against various code obfuscation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-27 Zhaoqi Zhang , Panpan Qi , Wei Wang

Differentiating malware is important to determine their behaviors and level of threat; as well as to devise defensive strategy against them. In response, various anti-malware systems have been developed to distinguish between different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Nazmul Islam , Seokjoo Shin

Android is becoming ubiquitous and currently has the largest share of the mobile OS market with billions of application downloads from the official app market. It has also become the platform most targeted by mobile malware that are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-07-28 Mohammed K. Alzaylaee , Suleiman Y. Yerima , Sakir Sezer

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate LLM hallucinations and enhance their performance in knowledge-intensive domains. However, these systems are vulnerable to adversarial poisoning…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Jinyan Su , Jin Peng Zhou , Zhengxin Zhang , Preslav Nakov , Claire Cardie