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The reachability problem for Vector Addition Systems (VASs) is a central problem of net theory. The general problem is known to be decidable by algorithms exclusively based on the classical Kosaraju-Lambert-Mayr-Sacerdote-Tenney…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 leroux jerome

Reachability of vector addition systems with states (VASS) is Ackermann complete~\cite{leroux2021reachability,czerwinski2021reachability}. For $d$-dimensional VASS reachability it is known that the problem is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Yuxi Fu , Yangluo Zheng , Qizhe Yang

A pushdown vector addition system with states (PVASS) extends the model of vector addition systems with a pushdown store. A PVASS is said to be \emph{bidirected} if every transition (pushing/popping a symbol or modifying a counter) has an…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Moses Ganardi , Rupak Majumdar , Andreas Pavlogiannis , Lia Schütze , Georg Zetzsche

We study the complexity of the reachability problem for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASSes) in fixed dimensions. We provide four lower bounds improving the currently known state-of-the-art: 1) \np-hardness for unary flat $4$-VASSes…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Wojciech Czerwiński , Łukasz Orlikowski

Vector addition systems with states (VASS) are a classic model in concurrency theory. Grammar vector addition systems (GVAS), equivalently, pushdown VASS, extend VASS by using a context-free grammar to control addition. In this paper, our…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Chengfeng Xue , Yuxi Fu

The geometric dimension of a Vector Addition System with States (VASS), emerged in Leroux and Schmitz (2019) and formalized by Fu, Yang, and Zheng (2024), quantifies the dimension of the vector space spanned by cycle effects in the system.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Yangluo Zheng

We investigate the reachability problem in symmetric vector addition systems with states (VASS), where transitions are invariant under a group of permutations of coordinates. One extremal case, the trivial groups, yields general VASS. In…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Łukasz Kamiński , Sławomir Lasota

We investigate Petri nets with data, an extension of plain Petri nets where tokens carry values from an infinite data domain, and executability of transitions is conditioned by equalities between data values. We provide a decision procedure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Łukasz Kamiński , Sławomir Lasota

The reachability problem for vector addition systems with states (VASS) has been shown to be \textsc{Ackermann}-complete. For every $k\geq 3$, a completeness result for the $k$-dimensional VASS reachability problem is not yet available. It…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Qizhe Yang , Yuxi Fu

Vector Addition Systems and equivalent Petri nets are a well established models of concurrency. The central algorithmic problem for Vector Addition Systems with a long research history is the reachability problem asking whether there exists…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Wojciech Czerwiński , Łukasz Orlikowski

The geometric dimension $g$ of a Vector Addition System with States (VASS) is the dimension of the vector space generated by cycles in the VASS; this parameter refines the standard dimension $d$, the number of counters. Recently, it was…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Wojciech Czerwiński , Roland Guttenberg , Łukasz Orlikowski , Henry Sinclair-Banks , Yangluo Zheng

Vector addition systems (VAS), also known as Petri nets, are a popular model of concurrent systems. Many problems from many areas reduce to the reachability problem for VAS, which consists of deciding whether a target configuration of a VAS…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Roland Guttenberg

Vector addition systems with states (VASS) are a popular model for concurrent systems. However, many decision problems have prohibitively high complexity. Therefore, it is sometimes useful to consider overapproximating semantics in which…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Pascal Baumann , Khushraj Madnani , Filip Mazowiecki , Georg Zetzsche

Petri nets, also known as vector addition systems, are a long established model of concurrency with extensive applications in modelling and analysis of hardware, software and database systems, as well as chemical, biological and business…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-04-12 Wojciech Czerwinski , Slawomir Lasota , Ranko Lazic , Jerome Leroux , Filip Mazowiecki

This paper studies reachability, coverability and inclusion problems for Integer Vector Addition Systems with States (ZVASS) and extensions and restrictions thereof. A ZVASS comprises a finite-state controller with a finite number of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-10-01 Christoph Haase , Simon Halfon

This note is a product of digestion of the famous proof of decidability of the reachability problem for vector addition systems with states (VASS), as first established by Mayr in 1981 and then simplified by Kosaraju in 1982. The note is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Sławomir Lasota

An $\mathsf{F}_{d}$ upper bound for the reachability problem in vector addition systems with states (VASS) in fixed dimension is given, where $\mathsf{F}_d$ is the $d$-th level of the Grzegorczyk hierarchy of complexity classes. The new…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Yuxi Fu , Qizhe Yang , Yangluo Zheng

We consider a variant of reachability in Vector Addition Systems (VAS) dubbed \emph{box reachability}, whereby a vector $v\in \mathbb{N}^d$ is box-reachable from $0$ in a VAS $V$ if $V$ admits a path from $0$ to $v$ that not only stays in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Shaull Almagor , Itay Hasson , Michał Pilipczuk , Michael Zaslavski

More than 30 years after their inception, the decidability proofs for reachability in vector addition systems (VAS) still retain much of their mystery. These proofs rely crucially on a decomposition of runs successively refined by Mayr,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-08-11 Jérôme Leroux , Sylvain Schmitz

The decision problems on matrices were intensively studied for many decades as matrix products play an essential role in the representation of various computational processes. However, many computational problems for matrix semigroups are…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-04-28 Igor Potapov , Pavel Semukhin