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Recently, neural models pretrained on a language modeling task, such as ELMo (Peters et al., 2017), OpenAI GPT (Radford et al., 2018), and BERT (Devlin et al., 2018), have achieved impressive results on various natural language processing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Rodrigo Nogueira , Kyunghyun Cho

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance large language models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge sources, enabling more accurate and contextually relevant responses tailored to user needs. However, existing RAG systems…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Zirui Guo , Lianghao Xia , Yanhua Yu , Tu Ao , Chao Huang

Academic researchers need efficient and reliable methods for collecting high-quality information from trusted sources, but modern tools for AI-assisted research still suffer from the tendency of Large Language Models (LLMs) to produce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Gábor Recski , Szilveszter Tóth , Nadia Verdha , István Boros , Ádám Kovács

Biomedical semantic question answering rooted in information retrieval can play a crucial role in keeping up to date with vast, rapidly evolving and ever-growing biomedical literature. A robust system can help researchers, healthcare…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Shashank Verma , Fengyi Jiang , Xiangning Xue

This paper investigates the enhancement of scientific literature chatbots through retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), with a focus on evaluating vector- and graph-based retrieval systems. The proposed chatbot leverages both structured…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Hamideh Ghanadian , Amin Kamali , Mohammad Hossein Tekieh

Given a semi-structured knowledge base (SKB), where text documents are interconnected by relations, how can we effectively retrieve relevant information to answer user questions? Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) retrieves documents to…

Retrieving the right level of context for a given query is a perennial challenge in information retrieval - too large a chunk dilutes semantic specificity, while chunks that are too small lack broader context. This paper introduces the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Ashish Singh , Priti Mohapatra

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by grounding responses in external knowledge during inference. However, conventiona RAG systems under-perform on structured tabular data, largely due to coarse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Zebin Guo , Weidong Geng , Ruichen Mao

Multi-modal retrieval-augmented generation (MM-RAG) promises grounded biomedical QA, but it is unclear when to (i) convert figures/tables into text versus (ii) use optical character recognition (OCR)-free visual retrieval that returns page…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Primož Kocbek , Azra Frkatović-Hodžić , Dora Lalić , Vivian Hui , Gordan Lauc , Gregor Štiglic

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has been a powerful tool for Large Language Models (LLMs) to efficiently process overly lengthy contexts. However, recent LLMs like Gemini-1.5 and GPT-4 show exceptional capabilities to understand long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Zhuowan Li , Cheng Li , Mingyang Zhang , Qiaozhu Mei , Michael Bendersky

Most existing end-to-end Table Question Answering (Table QA) models consist of a two-stage framework with a retriever to select relevant table candidates from a corpus and a reader to locate the correct answers from table candidates. Even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Feifei Pan , Mustafa Canim , Michael Glass , Alfio Gliozzo , James Hendler

In traditional RAG framework, the basic retrieval units are normally short. The common retrievers like DPR normally work with 100-word Wikipedia paragraphs. Such a design forces the retriever to search over a large corpus to find the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ziyan Jiang , Xueguang Ma , Wenhu Chen

BERT-based information retrieval models are expensive, in both time (query latency) and computational resources (energy, hardware cost), making many of these models impractical especially under resource constraints. The reliance on a query…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Shengyao Zhuang , Guido Zuccon

Biomedical question-answering (QA) systems require effective retrieval and generation components to ensure accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. This study systematically examines a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Linus Stuhlmann , Michael Alexander Saxer , Jonathan Fürst

LLM agents require retrieval to behave less like one-shot context fetching and more like reasoning: searching, reading, traversing, and deciding when evidence is sufficient. Yet current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems organize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Haoliang Ming , Feifei Li , Xiaoqing Wu , Wenhui Que

This study offers an initial evaluation of a human-in-the-loop system leveraging GPT-4 (a large language model or LLM), and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to identify and define jargon terms in scientific abstracts, based on readers'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Sachita Nishal , Eric Lee , Nicholas Diakopoulos

The telecommunications industry's rapid evolution demands intelligent systems capable of managing complex networks and adapting to emerging technologies. While large language models (LLMs) show promise in addressing these challenges, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Nouf Alabbasi , Omar Erak , Omar Alhussein , Ismail Lotfi , Sami Muhaidat , Merouane Debbah

Real-world live retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems face significant challenges when processing user queries that are often noisy, ambiguous, and contain multiple intents. While RAG enhances large language models (LLMs) with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Guanting Dong , Xiaoxi Li , Yuyao Zhang , Mengjie Deng

While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge, they still face persistent challenges in retrieval inefficiency and the inability of LLMs to filter out irrelevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Ruobing Yao , Yifei Zhang , Shuang Song , Yuhua Liu , Neng Gao , Chenyang Tu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as the predominant paradigm for grounding Large Language Model outputs in factual knowledge, effectively mitigating hallucinations. However, conventional RAG systems operate under a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Sergii Voloshyn