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Reranking, the process of refining the output from a first-stage retriever, is often considered computationally expensive, especially when using Large Language Models (LLMs). A common approach to mitigate this cost involves utilizing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Hervé Déjean , Stéphane Clinchant

Pairing a lexical retriever with a neural re-ranking model has set state-of-the-art performance on large-scale information retrieval datasets. This pipeline covers scenarios like question answering or navigational queries, however, for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Tim Baumgärtner , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Nils Reimers , Iryna Gurevych

Advanced relevance models, such as those that use large language models (LLMs), provide highly accurate relevance estimations. However, their computational costs make them infeasible for processing large document corpora. To address this,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Mandeep Rathee , V Venktesh , Sean MacAvaney , Avishek Anand

Listwise reranking is a key yet computationally expensive component in vision-centric retrieval and multimodal retrieval-augmented generation (M-RAG) over long documents. While recent VLM-based rerankers achieve strong accuracy, their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yiqun Sun , Pengfei Wei , Lawrence B. Hsieh

Listwise reranking with large language models (LLMs) enhances top-ranked results in retrieval-based applications. Due to the limit in context size and high inference cost of long context, reranking is typically performed over a fixed size…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Soyoung Yoon , Gyuwan Kim , Gyu-Hwung Cho , Seung-won Hwang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in document re-ranking, a key component in modern Information Retrieval (IR) systems. However, existing LLM-based approaches face notable limitations, including ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Pinhuan Wang , Zhiqiu Xia , Chunhua Liao , Feiyi Wang , Hang Liu

Reranking algorithms have made progress in improving document retrieval quality by efficiently aggregating relevance judgments generated by large language models (LLMs). However, identifying relevant documents for queries that require…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jerry Huang , Siddarth Madala , Cheng Niu , Julia Hockenmaier , Tong Zhang

Listwise reranking utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art retrieval effectiveness. Recently, reasoning-enhanced models have further pushed these boundaries by employing Chain-of-Thought (CoT) to perform deep…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Danyang Liu , Kan Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been revolutionizing a myriad of natural language processing tasks with their diverse zero-shot capabilities. Indeed, existing work has shown that LLMs can be used to great effect for many tasks, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Baharan Nouriinanloo , Maxime Lamothe

We study multi-answer retrieval, an under-explored problem that requires retrieving passages to cover multiple distinct answers for a given question. This task requires joint modeling of retrieved passages, as models should not repeatedly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Sewon Min , Kenton Lee , Ming-Wei Chang , Kristina Toutanova , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

We propose RoBiRank, a ranking algorithm that is motivated by observing a close connection between evaluation metrics for learning to rank and loss functions for robust classification. The algorithm shows a very competitive performance on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-08-22 Hyokun Yun , Parameswaran Raman , S. V. N. Vishwanathan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of information retrieval, particularly for reranking. Listwise LLM rerankers have showcased superior performance and generalizability compared to existing supervised…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Revanth Gangi Reddy , JaeHyeok Doo , Yifei Xu , Md Arafat Sultan , Deevya Swain , Avirup Sil , Heng Ji

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior performance in listwise passage reranking task. However, directly applying them to rank long-form documents introduces both effectiveness and efficiency issues due to the substantially…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Jincheng Feng , Wenhan Liu , Zhicheng Dou

In this work, we leverage a generative data model considering comparison noise to develop a fast, precise, and informative ranking algorithm from pairwise comparisons that produces a measure of confidence on each comparison. The problem of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Filipa Valdeira , Cláudia Soares

List-wise reranking arranges a request-specific pool of candidate items into an ordered slate that maximizes user satisfaction. Existing generative rerankers fall into two paradigms: Autoregressive (AR) rerankers construct the slate left to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Pengyue Jia , Hailan Yang , Shuchang Liu , Xiaobei Wang , Wanyu Wang , Xiang Li , Yongqi Liu , Kaiqiao Zhan , Kun Gai , Xiangyu Zhao

Pre-trained language models have been successful in natural language generation (NLG) tasks. While various decoding methods have been employed, they often produce suboptimal results. We first present an empirical analysis of three NLG…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Dongfu Jiang , Bill Yuchen Lin , Xiang Ren

The widely used retrieve-and-rerank pipeline faces two critical limitations: they are constrained by the initial retrieval quality of the top-k documents, and the growing computational demands of LLM-based rerankers restrict the number of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Haike Xu , Tong Chen

Reasoning-intensive retrieval requires deep semantic inference beyond surface-level keyword matching, posing a challenge for current LLM-based rerankers limited by context constraints and order sensitivity. We propose \textbf{\BracketRank},…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Abdelrahman Abdallah , Mohammed Ali , Bhawna Piryani , Adam Jatowt

In this paper, we consider large-scale ranking problems where one is given a set of (possibly non-redundant) pairwise comparisons and the underlying ranking explained by those comparisons is desired. We show that stochastic gradient descent…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-04 Benjamin Jarman , Lara Kassab , Deanna Needell , Alexander Sietsema

Ranking models play a crucial role in enhancing overall accuracy of text retrieval systems. These multi-stage systems typically utilize either dense embedding models or sparse lexical indices to retrieve relevant passages based on a given…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Gabriel de Souza P. Moreira , Ronay Ak , Benedikt Schifferer , Mengyao Xu , Radek Osmulski , Even Oldridge