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Oxygen is a well-studied biosignature. Studying potential abiotic pathways for O2 build-up in exoplanet atmospheres is essential for evaluating whether the detection of O2 would constitute a biosignature detection on other worlds. Previous…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-12 Margaret Turcotte Seavey , Shawn Domagal-Goldman , Amber Young , Jaime Crouse , Jacob Lustig-Yaeger , Giada Arney

The oxygen absorption line imprinted in the scattered light from the Earth-like planets has been considered the most promising metabolic biomarker of the exo-life. We examine the feasibility of the detection of the 1.27 micron oxygen band…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2012-09-27 Hajime Kawahara , Taro Matsuo , Michihiro Takami , Yuka Fujii , Takayuki Kotani , Naoshi Murakami , Motohide Tamura , Olivier Guyon

As the only known habitable (and inhabited) planet in the universe, Earth informs our search for life elsewhere. Future telescopes like the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) will soon look for life on rocky worlds around Sun-like stars, so…

Here we review how environmental context can be used to interpret whether O2 is a biosignature in extrasolar planetary observations. This paper builds on the overview of current biosignature research discussed in Schwieterman et al. (2017),…

Habitable planets are often defined as terrestrial worlds capable of maintaining surface liquid water. As a result, atmospheric water vapor can be a critical indicator of habitability. Thus, habitability-themed exoplanet investigations…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-12-06 Anna Sage Ross , Tyler D. Robinson

We propose to search for biosignatures in the spectra of reflected light from about 100 Earth-sized planets that are already known to be orbiting in their habitable zones (HZ). For a sample of G and K type hosts, most of these planets will…

The detection of life on rocky exoplanets in the habitable zones of nearby stars would be a paradigm-shifting advance, and it is one of the greatest scientific challenges of our time. There is no single spectral feature that is an…

Following the recommendations to NASA and ESA, the search for life on exoplanets will be a priority in the next decades. Two direct imaging space mission concepts are being developed: the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) and the Large…

The Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics 2020 highlights the importance of advancing research focused on discovering and characterizing habitable worlds. In line with this priority, our goal is to investigate how planetary systems…

In this work, we assess the potential detectability of solar panels made of silicon on an Earth-like exoplanet as a potential technosignature. Silicon-based photovoltaic cells have high reflectance in the UV-VIS and in the near-IR, within…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-05-09 Ravi Kopparapu , Vincent Kofman , Jacob Haqq-Misra , Vivaswan Kopparapu , Manasvi Lingam

Clouds are often considered a highly uncertain barrier for detecting biosignatures on exoplanets, especially given intuition gained from transit surveys. However, for direct imaging reflected light observations, clouds could increase the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-13 Huanzhou Yang , Michelle Hu , Dorian S. Abbot

The first detected member of a new astronomical class is often not representative of the underlying population, but instead reflects the selection effects of the observing technique that found it. We apply this idea to the first remote…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-19 Ravi Kopparapu

A space telescope capable of high-contrast imaging has been recognized as the avenue toward finding terrestrial planets around nearby Sun-like stars and characterizing their potential habitability. It is thus essential to quantify the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-06-01 Mario Damiano , Renyu Hu

The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) aims to characterize habitable exoplanets in search of signs of life. However, detectable life may be rare, either because abiogenesis is intrinsically contingent and unlikely, or because biospheres…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-02 Sukrit Ranjan , Danica Adams , Michael Wong , Martin Schlecker , Nicholas Wogan , Jessica M. Weber

The search for technosignatures--remotely detectable evidence of extraterrestrial technology--draws upon examples from the recent history of Earth as well as projections of Earth's technosphere. Facilities like the Habitable Worlds…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-09 Jacob Haqq-Misra , Ravi Kopparapu , George Profitiliotis

Understanding planetary habitability requires a comparative approach that explores the divergent evolutionary outcomes of Earth and Venus. The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) will be uniquely positioned to conduct a statistical and…

Ocean-atmosphere chemistry on Earth has undergone dramatic evolutionary changes through its long history, with potentially significant ramifications for the emergence and long-term stability of atmospheric biosignatures. Though a great deal…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-05-03 C. T. Reinhard , S. L. Olson , E. W. Schwieterman , T. W. Lyons

Some atmospheric gases have been proposed as counter indicators to the presence of life on an exoplanet if remotely detectable at sufficient abundance (i.e., antibiosignatures), informing the search for biosignatures and potentially…

Detection of life on other planets requires identification of biosignatures, i.e., observable planetary properties that robustly indicate the presence of a biosphere. One of the most widely accepted biosignatures for an Earth-like planet is…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-19 Robin Wordsworth , Raymond Pierrehumbert

In the search for life on Earth-like planets around other stars, the first (and likely only) information will come from the spectroscopic characterization of the planet's atmosphere. Of the countless number of chemical species terrestrial…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-10-28 C. E. Harman , E. W. Schwieterman , J. C. Schottelkotte , J. F. Kasting