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Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have recently shown strong performance on Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tasks, demonstrating their promising capability in document literacy. However, their effectiveness in real-world applications…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Zhipeng Xu , Junhao Ji , Zulong Chen , Zhenghao Liu , Qing Liu , Chunyi Peng , Zubao Qin , Ze Xu , Jianqiang Wan , Jun Tang , Zhibo Yang , Shuai Bai , Dayiheng Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a popular technique for enhancing the reliability and utility of Large Language Models (LLMs) by grounding responses in external documents. Traditional RAG systems rely on Optical Character…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Alexander Most , Joseph Winjum , Ayan Biswas , Shawn Jones , Nishath Rajiv Ranasinghe , Dan O'Malley , Manish Bhattarai

Document Visual Question Answering (Document VQA) must cope with documents that span dozens of pages, yet leading systems still concatenate every page or rely on very large vision-language models, both of which are memory-hungry.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Eric López , Artemis Llabrés , Ernest Valveny

Uncertainty quantification is essential for assessing the reliability and trustworthiness of modern AI systems. Among existing approaches, verbalized uncertainty, where models express their confidence through natural language, has emerged…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Weihao Xuan , Qingcheng Zeng , Heli Qi , Junjue Wang , Naoto Yokoya

Source attribution aims to enhance the reliability of AI-generated answers by including references for each statement, helping users validate the provided answers. However, existing work has primarily focused on text-only scenario and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Seokwon Song , Minsu Park , Gunhee Kim

Multimodal retrieval-augmented Generation (MM-RAG) is a key approach for applying large language models (LLMs) and agents to real-world knowledge bases, yet current evaluations are fragmented -- focusing on either text or images in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Xiangyu Peng , Can Qin , Zeyuan Chen , Ran Xu , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

We present a new benchmark for evaluating Deep Search--a realistic and complex form of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) that requires source-aware, multi-hop reasoning over diverse, sparsed, but related sources. These include documents,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Prafulla Kumar Choubey , Xiangyu Peng , Shilpa Bhagavath , Kung-Hsiang Huang , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

In enterprise datasets, documents are rarely pure. They are not just text, nor just numbers; they are a complex amalgam of narrative and structure. Current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have attempted to address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Alex Dantart , Marco Kóvacs-Navarro

Multilingual Retrieval-Augmented Generation (mRAG) often retrieves English documents and translates them into the query language for low-resource settings. However, poor translation quality degrades response generation performance. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Hoyeon Moon , Byeolhee Kim , Nikhil Verma

Recent work shows that text-only reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) can match or outperform image-text RLVR on multimodal medical VQA benchmarks, suggesting current evaluation protocols may fail to measure causal visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Anas Zafar , Leema Krishna Murali , Ashish Vashist

Large multimodal models (LMMs) have achieved impressive progress in vision-language understanding, yet they face limitations in real-world applications requiring complex reasoning over a large number of images. Existing benchmarks for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Jun Chen , Dannong Xu , Junjie Fei , Chun-Mei Feng , Mohamed Elhoseiny

Document Understanding is a foundational AI capability with broad applications, and Document Question Answering (DocQA) is a key evaluation task. Traditional methods convert the document into text for processing by Large Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Xixi Wu , Yanchao Tan , Nan Hou , Ruiyang Zhang , Hong Cheng

Document parsing is a fine-grained task where image resolution significantly impacts performance. While advanced research leveraging vision-language models benefits from high-resolution input to boost model performance, this often leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Cheng Cui , Ting Sun , Suyin Liang , Tingquan Gao , Zelun Zhang , Jiaxuan Liu , Xueqing Wang , Changda Zhou , Hongen Liu , Manhui Lin , Yue Zhang , Yubo Zhang , Jing Zhang , Jun Zhang , Xing Wei , Yi Liu , Dianhai Yu , Yanjun Ma

With the rapid advancement of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), their capability in understanding both images and text has greatly improved. However, their potential for leveraging multi-modal contextual information in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Zhenghao Liu , Xingsheng Zhu , Tianshuo Zhou , Xinyi Zhang , Xiaoyuan Yi , Yukun Yan , Ge Yu , Maosong Sun

The prevalence of user-generated content (UGC) on platforms such as YouTube and TikTok has rendered no-reference (NR) perceptual video quality assessment (VQA) vital for optimizing video delivery. Nonetheless, the characteristics of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Xinyi Wang , Angeliki Katsenou , Junxiao Shen , David Bull

Image-Text Retrieval (ITR) systems are central to multimodal information access, with Vision-Language Models (VLMs) showing strong performance on standard benchmarks. However, these benchmarks predominantly rely on coarse-grained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mariya Hendriksen , Shuo Zhang , Ridho Reinanda , Mohamed Yahya , Edgar Meij , Maarten de Rijke

AI-based systems possess distinctive characteristics and introduce challenges in quality evaluation at the same time. Consequently, ensuring and validating AI software quality is of critical importance. In this paper, we present an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jing Shu , Bing-Jiun Miu , Eugene Chang , Jerry Gao , Jun Liu

Integrating outside knowledge for reasoning in visio-linguistic tasks such as visual question answering (VQA) is an open problem. Given that pretrained language models have been shown to include world knowledge, we propose to use a unimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Ander Salaberria , Gorka Azkune , Oier Lopez de Lacalle , Aitor Soroa , Eneko Agirre

Visual Question Answering (VQA), as the representative multimodal task, serves as a key benchmark for evaluating the reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). However, existing evaluations largely rely on static…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Quanxing Xu , Yuhao Tian , Ling Zhou , Xian Zhong , Xiaohua Huang , Rubing Huang , Chia-Wen Lin

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved rapid progress, yet their scaling behavior remains less clearly characterized and often less predictable than that of text-only LLMs. Increasing model size and task diversity often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Hongjian Zou , Yue Ge , Qi Ding , Yixuan Liao , Xiaoxin Chen