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Randomized experimentation (also known as A/B testing or bucket testing) is widely used in the internet industry to measure the metric impact obtained by different treatment variants. A/B tests identify the treatment variant showing the…

Information retrieval systems are usually measured by labeling the relevance of results corresponding to a sample of user queries. In practical search engines, such measurement needs to be performed continuously, such as daily or weekly.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-04 Nikita Astrakhantsev , Deepak Chittajallu , Nabeel Kaushal , Vladislav Mokeev

Many important multiple-objective decision problems can be cast within the framework of ranking under constraints and solved via a weighted bipartite matching linear program. Some of these optimization problems, such as personalized content…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Yegor Tkachenko , Wassim Dhaouadi , Kamel Jedidi

Sponsored search is a multi-billion dollar industry and makes up a major source of revenue for search engines (SE). click-through-rate (CTR) estimation plays a crucial role for ads selection, and greatly affects the SE revenue, advertiser…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-09-22 Afroze Ibrahim Baqapuri , Ilya Trofimov

Modern search systems rely on a fast first stage retriever to fetch relevant items from a massive catalog of items. Deployed search systems often use user engagement signals to supervise bi-encoder retriever training at scale, because these…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Shasvat Desai , Md Omar Faruk Rokon , Jhalak Nilesh Acharya , Isha Shah , Hong Yao , Utkarsh Porwal , Kuang-chih Lee

We introduce AdCraft, a novel benchmark environment for the Reinforcement Learning (RL) community distinguished by its stochastic and non-stationary properties. The environment simulates bidding and budgeting dynamics within Search Engine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Maziar Gomrokchi , Owen Levin , Jeffrey Roach , Jonah White

Scale-calibrated ranking systems are ubiquitous in real-world applications nowadays, which pursue accurate ranking quality and calibrated probabilistic predictions simultaneously. For instance, in the advertising ranking system, the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Shunyu Zhang , Hu Liu , Wentian Bao , Enyun Yu , Yang Song

In sponsored search it is critical to match ads that are relevant to a query and to accurately predict their likelihood of being clicked. Commercial search engines typically use machine learning models for both query-ad relevance matching…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-03-29 Jelena Gligorijevic , Djordje Gligorijevic , Ivan Stojkovic , Xiao Bai , Amit Goyal , Zoran Obradovic

Bidding optimization is one of the most critical problems in online advertising. Sponsored search (SS) auction, due to the randomness of user query behavior and platform nature, usually adopts keyword-level bidding strategies. In contrast,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Jun Zhao , Guang Qiu , Ziyu Guan , Wei Zhao , Xiaofei He

The conclusions of randomized controlled trials may be biased when the outcome of one unit depends on the treatment status of other units, a problem known as interference. In this work, we study interference in the setting of one-sided…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-01 Jennifer Brennan , Vahab Mirrokni , Jean Pouget-Abadie

This paper is concerned with online targeted advertising on social networks. The main technical task we address is to estimate the activation probability for user pairs, which quantifies the influence one user may have on another towards…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Tsuyoshi Idé , Keerthiram Murugesan , Djallel Bouneffouf , Naoki Abe

The reliability of controlled experiments, commonly referred to as "A/B tests," is often compromised by network interference, where the outcomes of individual units are influenced by interactions with others. Significant challenges in this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-02 Yuan Yuan , Kristen M. Altenburger

Internet live streaming is widely used in online entertainment and e-commerce, where live advertising is an important marketing tool for anchors. An advertising campaign hopes to maximize the effect (such as conversions) under constraints…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-11 Bo Yang , Ruixuan Luo , Junqi Jin , Han Zhu

Unexpected advertising items in sponsored search may reduce users' reliance on organic search, resulting in hidden cost for the e-commerce platform. To address this problem and promote sustainable growth, we propose a dynamic reserve price…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Mang Li

Online marketplace designers frequently run A/B tests to measure the impact of proposed product changes. However, given that marketplaces are inherently connected, total average treatment effect estimates obtained through Bernoulli…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-28 David Holtz , Ruben Lobel , Inessa Liskovich , Sinan Aral

Bipartite b-matching is fundamental in algorithm design, and has been widely applied into economic markets, labor markets, etc. These practical problems usually exhibit two distinct features: large-scale and dynamic, which requires the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Xiaotian Hao , Junqi Jin , Jianye Hao , Jin Li , Weixun Wang , Yi Ma , Zhenzhe Zheng , Han Li , Jian Xu , Kun Gai

Search engines intentionally influence user behavior by picking and ranking the list of results. Users engage with the highest results both because of their prominent placement and because they are typically the most relevant documents.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Richard Demsyn-Jones

The bipartite graph is a ubiquitous data structure that can model the relationship between two entity types: for instance, users and items, queries and webpages. In this paper, we study the problem of ranking vertices of a bipartite graph,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-08-16 Xiangnan He , Ming Gao , Min-Yen Kan , Dingxian Wang

Interleaving sponsored results (advertisements) amongst organic results on search engine result pages (SERP) has become a common practice across multiple digital platforms. Advertisements have catered to consumer satisfaction and fostered…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Abhisek Dash , Saptarshi Ghosh , Animesh Mukherjee , Abhijnan Chakraborty , Krishna P. Gummadi

Online A/B testing is widely used in the internet industry to inform decisions on new feature roll-outs. For online marketplaces (such as advertising markets), standard approaches to A/B testing may lead to biased results when buyers…