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The Science of Science (SoS) explores the mechanisms underlying scientific discovery, and offers valuable insights for enhancing scientific efficiency and fostering innovation. Traditional approaches often rely on simplistic assumptions and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Renqi Chen , Haoyang Su , Shixiang Tang , Zhenfei Yin , Qi Wu , Hui Li , Ye Sun , Nanqing Dong , Wanli Ouyang , Philip Torr

Scientific discovery is constrained not only by what is true, but by what is cognitively available to the researchers currently exploring a field. Many directions are coherent in light of the literature yet unlikely to be proposed because…

Modern scientific discovery increasingly requires coordinating distributed facilities and heterogeneous resources, forcing researchers to act as manual workflow coordinators rather than scientists. Advances in AI leading to AI agents show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Woong Shin , Renan Souza , Daniel Rosendo , Frédéric Suter , Feiyi Wang , Prasanna Balaprakash , Rafael Ferreira da Silva

With the advent of large multimodal language models, science is now at a threshold of an AI-based technological transformation. An emerging ecosystem of models and tools aims to support researchers throughout the scientific lifecycle,…

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping how research is conceived, conducted, and communicated across fields from chemistry to biomedicine. This commentary examines how AI is transforming the research workflow. AI systems now help…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Maksim E. Eren , Dorianis M. Perez

This paper investigates the prospect of developing human-interpretable, explainable artificial intelligence (AI) systems based on active inference and the free energy principle. We first provide a brief overview of active inference, and in…

Artificial intelligence has demonstrated remarkable capability in predicting scientific properties, yet scientific discovery remains an inherently physical, long-horizon pursuit governed by experimental cycles. Most current computational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Xiang Zhuang , Chenyi Zhou , Kehua Feng , Zhihui Zhu , Yunfan Gao , Yijie Zhong , Yichi Zhang , Junjie Huang , Keyan Ding , Lei Bai , Haofen Wang , Qiang Zhang , Huajun Chen

Cognitive processes are realized across an extraordinary range of natural, artificial, and hybrid systems, yet there is no unified framework for comparing their forms, limits, and unrealized possibilities. Here, we propose a cognition space…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-21 Ricard Solé , Luis F Seoane , Jordi Pla-Mauri , Michael Timothy Bennett , Michael E. Hochberg , Michael Levin

A suite of impressive scientific discoveries have been driven by recent advances in artificial intelligence. These almost all result from training flexible algorithms to solve difficult optimization problems specified in advance by teams of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Ruairidh M. Battleday , Samuel J. Gershman

Optimal control of complex environments with robotic systems faces two complementary and intertwined challenges: efficient organization of sensory state information and far-sighted action planning. Because the reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Abdullah Akgül , Gulcin Baykal , Manuel Haußmann , Mustafa Mert Çelikok , Melih Kandemir

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-03 Brenden M. Lake , Tomer D. Ullman , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Samuel J. Gershman

How can cognitive science build generalizable theories that span the full scope of natural situations and behaviors? We argue that progress in Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers timely opportunities for cognitive science to embrace…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-25 Wilka Carvalho , Andrew Lampinen

Artificial Intelligence (AI) provides many opportunities to improve private and public life. Discovering patterns and structures in large troves of data in an automated manner is a core component of data science, and currently drives…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Vaishak Belle

Scientific research is being reshaped by AI systems that move beyond isolated assistance toward longer-horizon workflows spanning literature grounding, hypothesis generation, experimentation, validation, reporting, and revision. This shift…

Reliable inference requires that artificial intelligence (AI) models provide trustworthy uncertainty estimates, not merely accurate predictions. Recent advances in Bayesian learning have made significant progress toward this goal, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jiayi Huang

Although artificial intelligence (AI) has achieved many feats at a rapid pace, there still exist open problems and fundamental shortcomings related to performance and resource efficiency. Since AI researchers benchmark a significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Palaash Agrawal , Cheston Tan , Heena Rathore

This technical note considers the sampling of outcomes that provide the greatest amount of information about the structure of underlying world models. This generalisation furnishes a principled approach to structure learning under a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-25 Karl Friston , Lancelot Da Costa , Alexander Tschantz , Conor Heins , Christopher Buckley , Tim Verbelen , Thomas Parr

The integration of Agentic AI into scientific discovery marks a new frontier in research automation. These AI systems, capable of reasoning, planning, and autonomous decision-making, are transforming how scientists perform literature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Mourad Gridach , Jay Nanavati , Khaldoun Zine El Abidine , Lenon Mendes , Christina Mack

Recent years have seen the dramatic rise of the usage of AI algorithms in pure mathematics and fundamental sciences such as theoretical physics. This is perhaps counter-intuitive since mathematical sciences require the rigorous definitions,…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-08-07 Yang-Hui He

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being increasingly applied to scientific research, but its benefits remain unevenly distributed across different communities and disciplines. While technical challenges such as limited data, fragmented…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Georgia Channing , Avijit Ghosh