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As privacy concerns and data regulations grow, federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising approach for training machine learning models across decentralized data sources without sharing raw data. However, a significant challenge in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jungwon Seo , Ferhat Ozgur Catak , Chunming Rong

Federated learning (FL) supports distributed training of a global machine learning model across multiple devices with the help of a central server. However, data heterogeneity across different devices leads to the client model drift issue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Xu Zhou , Xinyu Lei , Cong Yang , Yichun Shi , Xiao Zhang , Jingwen Shi

Federated Learning (FL) trains deep models across edge devices without centralizing raw data, preserving user privacy. However, client heterogeneity slows down convergence and limits global model accuracy. Clustered FL (CFL) mitigates this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Minghao Li , Dmitrii Avdiukhin , Rana Shahout , Nikita Ivkin , Vladimir Braverman , Minlan Yu

In federated learning (FL), the data distribution of each client may change over time, introducing both temporal and spatial data heterogeneity, known as concept drift. Data heterogeneity arises from three drift sources: real drift (a shift…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Fu Peng , Ming Tang

The dynamicity of real-world systems poses a significant challenge to deployed predictive machine learning (ML) models. Changes in the system on which the ML model has been trained may lead to performance degradation during the system's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Firas Bayram , Bestoun S. Ahmed , Andreas Kassler

Federated learning (FL) is a promising approach for training decentralized data located on local client devices while improving efficiency and privacy. However, the distribution and quantity of the training data on the clients' side may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Lixu Wang , Shichao Xu , Xiao Wang , Qi Zhu

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative training of models on decentralized data, but its performance degrades significantly under Non-IID (non-independent and identically distributed) data conditions. While this accuracy loss is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Muhammad Haseeb , Salaar Masood , Muhammad Abdullah Sohail

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative training across multiple clients while preserving data privacy, yet it struggles with data heterogeneity, where clients' data are not distributed independently and identically (non-IID). This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Incheol Baek , Hyungbin Kim , Minseo Kim , Yon Dohn Chung

Recently, federated learning (FL), which replaces data sharing with model sharing, has emerged as an efficient and privacy-friendly machine learning (ML) paradigm. One of the main challenges in FL is the huge communication cost for model…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-14 Huiyuan Yang , Tian Ding , Xiaojun Yuan

Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm that allows multiple clients to collaboratively train a shared model without exposing their private data. Data heterogeneity is a fundamental challenge in FL, which can result in poor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Tao Shen , Zexi Li , Didi Zhu , Ziyu Zhao , Chao Wu , Fei Wu

With the rapid proliferation of smart mobile devices, federated learning (FL) has been widely considered for application in wireless networks for distributed model training. However, data heterogeneity, e.g., non-independently identically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Xuefeng Han , Jun Li , Wen Chen , Zhen Mei , Kang Wei , Ming Ding , H. Vincent Poor

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed paradigm that coordinates massive local clients to collaboratively train a global model via stage-wise local training processes on the heterogeneous dataset. Previous works have implicitly studied…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Li Shen , Yan Sun , Dacheng Tao

In Federated Learning (FL), forgetting, or the loss of knowledge across rounds, hampers algorithm convergence, particularly in the presence of severe data heterogeneity among clients. This study explores the nuances of this issue,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Mohammed Aljahdali , Ahmed M. Abdelmoniem , Marco Canini , Samuel Horváth

Smart devices, such as smartphones, wearables, robots, and others, can collect vast amounts of data from their environment. This data is suitable for training machine learning models, which can significantly improve their behavior, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Fernando E. Casado , Dylan Lema , Marcos F. Criado , Roberto Iglesias , Carlos V. Regueiro , Senén Barro

Federated Learning (FL) has recently received a lot of attention for large-scale privacy-preserving machine learning. However, high communication overheads due to frequent gradient transmissions decelerate FL. To mitigate the communication…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-27 Milad Khademi Nori , Sangseok Yun , Il-Min Kim

Federated learning (FL) is emerging as a new paradigm to train machine learning models in distributed systems. Rather than sharing, and disclosing, the training dataset with the server, the model parameters (e.g. neural networks weights and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-27 Stefano Savazzi , Monica Nicoli , Vittorio Rampa

Federated learning (FL) is a promising technique that enables a large amount of edge computing devices to collaboratively train a global learning model. Due to privacy concerns, the raw data on devices could not be available for centralized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Miao Yang , Akitanoshou Wong , Hongbin Zhu , Haifeng Wang , Hua Qian

Federated Learning (FL) is a rising approach towards collaborative and privacy-preserving machine learning where large-scale medical datasets remain localized to each client. However, the issue of data heterogeneity among clients often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Shuang Zeng , Pengxin Guo , Shuai Wang , Jianbo Wang , Yuyin Zhou , Liangqiong Qu

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed learning approach that trains machine learning models across multiple devices while keeping their local data private. However, FL often faces challenges due to data heterogeneity, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Dun Zeng , Zheshun Wu , Shiyu Liu , Yu Pan , Xiaoying Tang , Zenglin Xu

The performance of Federated Learning (FL) hinges on the effectiveness of utilizing knowledge from distributed datasets. Traditional FL methods adopt an aggregate-then-adapt framework, where clients update local models based on a global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Yuan Wang , Huazhu Fu , Renuga Kanagavelu , Qingsong Wei , Yong Liu , Rick Siow Mong Goh