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Zauner's conjecture asserts that $d^2$ equiangular lines exist in all $d$ complex dimensions. In quantum theory, the $d^2$ lines are dubbed a SIC, as they define a favoured standard informationally complete quantum measurement called a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-14 A. J. Scott

The problem of constructing maximal equiangular tight frames or SICs was raised by Zauner in 1998. Four years ago it was realized that the problem is closely connected to a major open problem in number theory. We discuss why such a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-20 Ingemar Bengtsson

The problem of existence of symmetric informationally-complete positive operator-valued measures (SICs for short) in every dimension is known as Zauner's conjecture and remains open to this day. Most of the known SIC examples are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-30 Danylo Yakymenko

We show that naturally associated to a SIC (symmetric informationally complete positive operator valued measure or SIC-POVM) in dimension d there are a number of higher dimensional structures: specifically a projector and a complex Hadamard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Marcus Appleby , Ingemar Bengtsson , Steven Flammia , Dardo Goyeneche

We report on a new computer study into the existence of d^2 equiangular lines in d complex dimensions. Such maximal complex projective codes are conjectured to exist in all finite dimensions and are the underlying mathematical objects…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-04-29 A. J. Scott , M. Grassl

Symmetric informationally complete measurements (SICs in short) are highly symmetric structures in the Hilbert space. They possess many nice properties which render them an ideal candidate for fiducial measurements. The symmetry of SICs is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-17 Huangjun Zhu

This paper concerns SIC-POVMs and their relationship to class field theory. SIC-POVMs are generalized quantum measurements (POVMs) described by $d^2$ equiangular complex lines through the origin in $\mathbb{C}^d$. Weyl--Heisenberg SICs are…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Gene S. Kopp , Jeffrey C. Lagarias

We lay the foundations for a broad algebraic theory encompassing SICs in the hope of elucidating their heuristic connections with Stark units. What emerges is a greatly generalised set-up with added structure and potential for applications…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-23 David Solomon

We propose a construction of $d^2$ complex equiangular lines in $\mathbb{C}^d$, also known as SICPOVMs, conjectured by Zauner to exist for all d. The construction gives a putatively complete list of SICs with Weyl-Heisenberg symmetry in all…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-18 Marcus Appleby , Steven T Flammia , Gene S Kopp

Algebraic number theory relates SIC-POVMs in dimension $d>3$ to those in dimension $d(d-2)$. We define a SIC in dimension $d(d-2)$ to be aligned to a SIC in dimension $d$ if and only if the squares of the overlap phases in dimension $d$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-01 Marcus Appleby , Ingemar Bengtsson , Irina Dumitru , Steven Flammia

We consider real and complex equiangular lines, generated by unit vectors. We show that, for an arbitrary dimension $d$, if there exists a set of $d^2$ equiangular unit vectors in $\mathbb{C}^d$, then there must exist a set of $d^2$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Igor Van Loo , Frédérique Oggier

In complex vector spaces maximal sets of equiangular lines, known as SICs, are related to real quadratic number fields in a dimension dependent way. If the dimension is of the form $n^2+3$ the base field has a fundamental unit of negative…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-29 Ingemar Bengtsson

A SIC is a maximal equiangular tight frame in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. Given a SIC in dimension $d$, there is good evidence that there always exists an aligned SIC in dimension $d(d-2)$, having predictable symmetries and smaller…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Ingemar Bengtsson , Basudha Srivastava

It's known that if $d^2$ vectors from $d$-dimensional Hilbert space $H$ form a SIC-POVM (SIC for short) then tensor square of those vectors form an equiangular tight frame on the symmetric subspace of $H\otimes H$. We prove that for any SIC…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-17 Vasyl Ostrovskyi , Danylo Yakymenko

We show that much of the theory of finite tight frames can be generalised to vector spaces over the quaternions. This includes the variational characterisation, group frames, and the characterisations of projective and unitary equivalence.…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-08-29 Shayne Waldron

Alignment is a geometric relation between pairs of Weyl-Heisenberg SICs, one in dimension $d$ and another in dimension $d(d-2)$, manifesting a well-founded conjecture about a number-theoretical connection between the SICs. In this paper, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-24 Ole Andersson , Irina Dumitru

The existence of a set of d^2 pairwise equiangular complex lines (equivalently, a SIC-POVM) in d-dimensional Hilbert space is currently known only for a finite set of dimensions d. We prove that, if there exists a set of real units in a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-12-18 Gene S. Kopp

Recent years have seen significant advances in the study of symmetric informationally complete (SIC) quantum measurements, also known as maximal sets of complex equiangular lines. Previously, the published record contained solutions up to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-20 Christopher A. Fuchs , Michael C. Hoang , Blake C. Stacey

Symmetries of three-dimensional topological field theories are naturally defined in terms of invertible topological surface defects. Symmetry groups are thus Brauer-Picard groups. We present a gauge theoretic realization of all symmetries…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-07-07 Jürgen Fuchs , Jan Priel , Christoph Schweigert , Alessandro Valentino

This is a survey of some very old knowledge about Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUB) and Symmetric Informationally Complete POVMs (SIC). In prime dimensions the former are closely tied to an elliptic normal curve symmetric under the Heisenberg…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-05-27 Ingemar Bengtsson
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