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Quantum circuits implementing fault-tolerant quantum error correction (QEC) for the three qubit bit-flip code and five-qubit code are studied. To describe the effect of noise, we apply a model based on a generalized effective Hamiltonian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Y. C. Cheng , R. J. Silbey

Quantum information is vulnerable to environmental noise and experimental imperfections, hindering the reliability of practical quantum information processors. Therefore, quantum error correction (QEC) that can protect quantum information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-26 W. Cai , Y. Ma , W. Wang , C. -L. Zou , L. Sun

Quantum computers have the possibility of a much reduced calculation load compared with classical computers in specific problems. Quantum error correction (QEC) is vital for handling qubits, which are vulnerable to external noise. In QEC,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Hideo Mukai , Hoshitaro Ohnishi

Quantum data is susceptible to decoherence induced by the environment and to errors in the hardware processing it. A future fault-tolerant quantum computer will use quantum error correction (QEC) to actively protect against both. In the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-30 D. Ristè , S. Poletto , M. -Z. Huang , A. Bruno , V. Vesterinen , O. -P. Saira , L. DiCarlo

Medium-scale quantum devices that integrate about hundreds of physical qubits are likely to be developed in the near future. However, such devices will lack the resources for realizing quantum fault tolerance. Therefore, the main challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-24 Chao Song , Jing Cui , H. Wang , J. Hao , H. Feng , Ying Li

Large-scale universal quantum computing requires the implementation of quantum error correction (QEC). While the implementation of QEC has already been demonstrated for quantum memories, reliable quantum computing requires also the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-20 Jingfu Zhang , Raymond Laflamme , Dieter Suter

Building reliable quantum computers requires protecting fragile quantum states from inevitable environmental noise and operational errors. While quantum error correction codes like the Steane $[\![7,1,3]\!]$ code provide elegant theoretical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Soham Bhadra , Diyansha Singh , Angana Chowdhury

Reducing errors is essential for reliable quantum computation. Quantum error mitigation (QEM) and quantum error correction (QEC) are two leading approaches for this task, each with challenges: QEM suffers from high sampling costs and cannot…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 Sowmitra Das , Jinzhao Sun , Michael Hanks , Bálint Koczor , M. S. Kim

We present a general framework for applying linear quantum error mitigation (QEM) techniques directly to physical qubits within a logical qubit to suppress logical errors. By exploiting the linearity of quantum error correction (QEC), we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Minjun Jeon , Zhenyu Cai

Continuous quantum error correction has been found to have certain advantages over discrete quantum error correction, such as a reduction in hardware resources and the elimination of error mechanisms introduced by having entangling gates…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is an essential element of physical quantum information processing systems. Most QEC efforts focus on extending classical error correction schemes to the quantum regime. The input to a noisy system is embedded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Andrew S. Fletcher , Peter W. Shor , Moe Z. Win

We use density matrix simulations to study the performance of three distance three quantum error correcting codes in the context of the rare-earth-ion-doped crystal (RE) platform for quantum computing. We analyze pseudothresholds for these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-22 Arvid Rolander , Adam Kinos , Andreas Walther

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is essential for future quantum computers due to its ability to exponentially suppress physical errors. The surface code is a leading error-correcting code candidate because of its local topological structure,…

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) codes store information reliably in logical qubits by encoding them in a larger number of less reliable qubits. The surface code, known for its high resilience to physical errors, is a leading candidate for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-13 Satvik Maurya , Swamit Tannu

As quantum computing matures and moves toward broader accessibility through cloud-based platforms, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of quantum computations becomes an urgent concern. In this work, we propose a strategy to leverage…

Quantum error detection (QED) offers a promising pathway to fault tolerance in near-term quantum devices by balancing error suppression with minimal resource overhead. However, its practical utility hinges on optimizing design…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-14 Tom Ginsberg , Vyom Patel

For reliable large-scale quantum computation, quantum error correction (QEC) is essential to protect logical information distributed across multiple physical qubits. Taking advantage of recent advances in deep learning, neural network-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Seong-Joon Park , Hee-Youl Kwak , Yongjune Kim

A major milestone of quantum error correction is to achieve the fault-tolerance threshold beyond which quantum computers can be made arbitrarily accurate. This requires extraordinary resources and engineering efforts. We show that even…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Miroslav Urbanek , Benjamin Nachman , Wibe A. de Jong

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation. Current QEC controllers execute all scheduled syndrome (parity-bit) measurement rounds before decoding, even when early syndrome data indicates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Sanidhay Bhambay , Prakash Murali , Neil Walton , Thirupathaiah Vasantam

Quantum error correction (QEC) is fundamental for quantum information processing but entails a substantial overhead of classically-controlled quantum operations, which can be architecturally cumbersome to accommodate. Here we discuss a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-07-26 Joseph Kerckhoff , Hendra I. Nurdin , Dmitri S. Pavlichin , Hideo Mabuchi