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Large language models (LLMs) have scaled up to unlock a wide range of complex reasoning tasks with the aid of various prompting methods. However, current prompting methods generate natural language intermediate steps to help reasoning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yi Hu , Haotong Yang , Zhouchen Lin , Muhan Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are vital for a wide range of applications yet remain susceptible to jailbreak threats, which could lead to the generation of inappropriate responses. Conventional defenses, such as refusal and adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xianglin Yang , Gelei Deng , Jieming Shi , Tianwei Zhang , Jin Song Dong

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being applied to clinical care, a domain where both accuracy and transparent reasoning are critical for safe and trustworthy deployment. Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, which elicits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Jiageng Wu , Kevin Xie , Bowen Gu , Nils Krüger , Kueiyu Joshua Lin , Jie Yang

Moderating offensive, hateful, and toxic language has always been an important but challenging topic in the domain of safe use in NLP. The emerging large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, can potentially further accentuate this…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Boyang Zhang , Xinyue Shen , Wai Man Si , Zeyang Sha , Zeyuan Chen , Ahmed Salem , Yun Shen , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven code generation tools are increasingly used throughout the software development lifecycle to accelerate coding tasks. However, the security of AI-generated code using Large Language Models (LLMs) remains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Mohammed Kharma , Soohyeon Choi , Mohammed AlKhanafseh , David Mohaisen

Artificial intelligence's (AI) progress holds great promise in tackling pressing societal concerns such as health and climate. Large Language Models (LLM) and the derived chatbots, like ChatGPT, have highly improved the natural language…

Large language models (LLMs) and small language models (SLMs) are being adopted at remarkable speed, although their safety still remains a serious concern. With the advent of multilingual S/LLMs, the question now becomes a matter of scale:…

This is the second in a series of short reports that seek to help business, education, and policy leaders understand the technical details of working with AI through rigorous testing. In this report, we investigate Chain-of-Thought (CoT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Lennart Meincke , Ethan Mollick , Lilach Mollick , Dan Shapiro

In this paper, we present a challenging code reasoning task: vulnerability detection. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in natural-language and math reasoning, but state-of-the-art (SOTA) models reported only 54.5%…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Benjamin Steenhoek , Md Mahbubur Rahman , Monoshi Kumar Roy , Mirza Sanjida Alam , Hengbo Tong , Swarna Das , Earl T. Barr , Wei Le

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful text generators, yet they can produce toxic or harmful content even when given seemingly harmless prompts. This presents a serious safety challenge and can cause real-world harm. Toxicity is often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Himanshu Singh , Ziwei Xu , A. V. Subramanyam , Mohan Kankanhalli

A long-standing goal of AI systems is to perform complex multimodal reasoning like humans. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable strides in such multi-step reasoning on the language modality solely by leveraging the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Ge Zheng , Bin Yang , Jiajin Tang , Hong-Yu Zhou , Sibei Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) (e.g., ChatGPT) have shown impressive performance in code generation. LLMs take prompts as inputs, and Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting is the state-of-the-art prompting technique. CoT prompting asks LLMs first…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Jia Li , Ge Li , Yongmin Li , Zhi Jin

AI Agents rely on Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal-LLMs (MLLMs) to perform interpretation and inference in text and image tasks without post-training, where LLMs and MLLMs play the most critical role and determine the initial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Haoran Sun , Shaoning Zeng

Large Language Models, such as Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 (aka. GPT-3), have been developed to understand language through the analysis of extensive text data, allowing them to identify patterns and connections between words.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Baphumelele Masikisiki , Vukosi Marivate , Yvette Hlope

Most traditional AI safety research has approached AI models as machines and centered on algorithm-focused attacks developed by security experts. As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly common and competent, non-expert users can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Yi Zeng , Hongpeng Lin , Jingwen Zhang , Diyi Yang , Ruoxi Jia , Weiyan Shi

Recently, Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has delivered success on complex reasoning tasks, which aims at designing a simple prompt like ``Let's think step by step'' or multiple in-context exemplars with well-designed rationales to elicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jianing Wang , Qiushi Sun , Xiang Li , Ming Gao

Public leaderboards increasingly suggest that large language models (LLMs) surpass human experts on benchmarks spanning academic knowledge, law, and programming. Yet most benchmarks are fully public, their questions widely mirrored across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eshwar Reddy M , Sourav Karmakar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become powerful tools for automated code generation. However, these models often overlook critical security practices, which can result in the generation of insecure code that contains…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Hao Yan , Swapneel Suhas Vaidya , Xiaokuan Zhang , Ziyu Yao

The recent popularity of large language models (LLMs) has brought a significant impact to boundless fields, particularly through their open-ended ecosystem such as the APIs, open-sourced models, and plugins. However, with their widespread…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Wentao Ye , Mingfeng Ou , Tianyi Li , Yipeng chen , Xuetao Ma , Yifan Yanggong , Sai Wu , Jie Fu , Gang Chen , Haobo Wang , Junbo Zhao

The majority of software developers use or are planning to use Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in their development processes. Their top reasons include improving productivity and faster learning. In fact, Large Language Model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Srivathsan G Morkonda , Mahmoud Selim , Hala Assal
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