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Recently, there has been a surge of vision-based GUI agents designed to automate everyday mobile and web tasks. These agents interpret raw GUI screenshots and autonomously decide where to click, scroll, or type, which bypasses handcrafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yucheng Shi , Wenhao Yu , Zaitang Li , Yonglin Wang , Hongming Zhang , Ninghao Liu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Building agents that autonomously operate mobile devices has attracted increasing attention. While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) show promise, most existing approaches rely on direct state-to-action mappings, which lack structured reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zhe Wu , Hongjin Lu , Junliang Xing , Changhao Zhang , Yuxuan Li , Yin Zhu , Yuhao Yang , Yuheng Jing , Kai Li , Kun Shao , Jianye Hao , Jun Wang , Yuanchun Shi

The recent DeepSeek-R1 has showcased the emergence of reasoning capabilities in LLMs through reinforcement learning (RL) with rule-based rewards. Despite its success in language models, its application in multi-modal domains, particularly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhengxi Lu , Yuxiang Chai , Yaxuan Guo , Xi Yin , Liang Liu , Hao Wang , Han Xiao , Shuai Ren , Guanjing Xiong , Hongsheng Li

Existing efforts in building Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents largely rely on the training paradigm of supervised fine-tuning on Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, this approach not only demands extensive amounts of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Run Luo , Lu Wang , Wanwei He , Longze Chen , Jiaming Li , Xiaobo Xia

Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have enabled mobile agents to perceive and interact with real-world mobile environments based on human instructions. However, the current fully autonomous paradigm poses potential safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Qihang Ai , Pi Bu , Yue Cao , Yingyao Wang , Jihao Gu , Jingxuan Xing , Zekun Zhu , Wei Jiang , Zhicheng Zheng , Jun Song , Yuning Jiang

VLM-based mobile agents are increasingly popular due to their capabilities to interact with smartphone GUIs and XML-structured texts and to complete daily tasks. However, existing online benchmarks struggle with obtaining stable reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Weikai Xu , Zhizheng Jiang , Yuxuan Liu , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Yuanchun Li , Yunxin Liu , Bin Wang , Bo An

While reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated remarkable success in enhancing large language models (LLMs), it has primarily focused on single-turn tasks such as solving math problems. Training effective web agents for multi-turn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Zhepei Wei , Wenlin Yao , Yao Liu , Weizhi Zhang , Qin Lu , Liang Qiu , Changlong Yu , Puyang Xu , Chao Zhang , Bing Yin , Hyokun Yun , Lihong Li

Building general-purpose graphical user interface (GUI) agents has become increasingly promising with the progress in vision language models. However, developing effective mobile GUI agents with reinforcement learning (RL) remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yifan Xu , Xiao Liu , Xinghan Liu , Jiaqi Fu , Hanchen Zhang , Bohao Jing , Shudan Zhang , Yuting Wang , Wenyi Zhao , Yuxiao Dong

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in games has gained significant momentum in recent years, enabling the creation of different agent behaviors that can transform a player's gaming experience. However, deploying RL agents in production…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 António Afonso , Iolanda Leite , Alessandro Sestini , Florian Fuchs , Konrad Tollmar , Linus Gisslén

Vision-language models (VLMs) have excelled in multimodal tasks, but adapting them to embodied decision-making in open-world environments presents challenges. One critical issue is bridging the gap between discrete entities in low-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Shaofei Cai , Zihao Wang , Kewei Lian , Zhancun Mu , Xiaojian Ma , Anji Liu , Yitao Liang

Recent advancements in visual language models (VLMs) have notably enhanced their capabilities in handling complex Graphical User Interface (GUI) interaction tasks. Despite these improvements, current frameworks often struggle to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Zhiyuan Hu , Shiyun Xiong , Yifan Zhang , See-Kiong Ng , Anh Tuan Luu , Bo An , Shuicheng Yan , Bryan Hooi

Recent Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents replicate the R1-Zero paradigm, coupling online Reinforcement Learning (RL) with explicit chain-of-thought reasoning prior to object grounding and thereby achieving substantial performance gains.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yuqi Zhou , Sunhao Dai , Shuai Wang , Kaiwen Zhou , Qinglin Jia , Jun Xu

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown rapid progress in mobile GUI navigation. This paper presents a systematic study of data scaling, benchmarking, and reasoning for VLM-based agents in this domain. To facilitate rigorous evaluation, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Heng Qu , Yike Liu , Renren Jin , Wenzong Zhang , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan

Large language models (LLMs)-empowered web agents enables automating complex, real-time web navigation tasks in enterprise environments. However, existing web agents relying on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) often struggle with generalization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yuchen Zhuang , Di Jin , Jiaao Chen , Wenqi Shi , Hanrui Wang , Chao Zhang

Training Vision-Language Models (VLMs) for Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) agents via Reinforcement Learning (RL) faces critical challenges: environment-based RL requires costly interactions, while environment-free methods struggle with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jiani Zheng , Lu Wang , Fangkai Yang , Chaoyun Zhang , Lingrui Mei , Wenjie Yin , Qingwei Lin , Dongmei Zhang , Saravan Rajmohan , Qi Zhang

To fulfill user instructions, autonomous web agents must contend with the inherent complexity and volatile nature of real-world websites. Conventional paradigms predominantly rely on Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) or Offline Reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yuyu Guo , Wenjie Yang , Siyuan Yang , Ziyang Liu , Cheng Chen , Yuan Wei , Yun Hu , Yang Huang , Guoliang Hao , Dongsheng Yuan , Jianming Wang , Xin Chen , Hang Yu , Lei Lei , Peng Di

Vision-language model (VLM) based GUI agents show promise for automating complex desktop and mobile tasks, but face significant challenges in applying reinforcement learning (RL): (1) slow multi-turn interactions with GUI environments for…

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled the development of mobile agents that can understand visual inputs and follow user instructions, unlocking new possibilities for automating complex tasks on mobile…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Ning Li , Xiangmou Qu , Jiamu Zhou , Jun Wang , Muning Wen , Kounianhua Du , Xingyu Lou , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang

In the field of MLLM-based GUI agents, compared to smartphones, the PC scenario not only features a more complex interactive environment, but also involves more intricate intra- and inter-app workflows. To address these issues, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Haowei Liu , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Yuyang Wanyan , Junyang Wang , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Chunfeng Yuan , Changsheng Xu , Weiming Hu , Fei Huang

User simulators serve as the critical interactive environment for agent post-training, and an ideal user simulator generalizes across domains and proactively engages in negotiation by challenging or bargaining. However, current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Feng Zhang , Shijia Li , Chunmao Zhang , Zhanyu Ma , Jun Xu , Jiuchong Gao , Jinghua Hao , Renqing He , Jingwen Xu , Han Liu
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