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Though recent works have developed methods that can generate estimates (or imputations) of the missing entries in a dataset to facilitate downstream analysis, most depend on assumptions that may not align with real-world applications and…

Explainability in automated student answer scoring systems is critical for building trust and enhancing usability among educators. Yet, generating high-quality assessment rationales remains challenging due to the scarcity of annotated data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jiazheng Li , Artem Bobrov , Runcong Zhao , Cesare Aloisi , Yulan He

Missing values pose a persistent challenge in modern data science. Consequently, there is an ever-growing number of publications introducing new imputation methods in various fields. While many studies compare imputation approaches, they…

Computation · Statistics 2025-11-10 Krystyna Grzesiak , Christophe Muller , Julie Josse , Jeffrey Näf

As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow increasingly adept at managing complex tasks, the evaluation set must keep pace with these advancements to ensure it remains sufficiently discriminative. Item Discrimination (ID) theory, which is widely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Fan Lin , Shuyi Xie , Yong Dai , Wenlin Yao , Tianjiao Lang , Zishan Xu , Zhichao Hu , Xiao Xiao , Yuhong Liu , Yu Zhang

While computer and communication technologies have provided effective means to scale up many aspects of education, the submission and grading of assessments such as homework assignments and tests remains a weak link. In this paper, we study…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-01-20 Andrew S. Lan , Divyanshu Vats , Andrew E. Waters , Richard G. Baraniuk

Machine learning-based automatic scoring faces challenges with unbalanced student responses across scoring categories. To address this, we introduce a novel text data augmentation framework leveraging GPT-4, a generative large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Luyang Fang , Gyeong-Geon Lee , Xiaoming Zhai

Large Language Models (LLMs) have proven immensely beneficial in education by capturing vast amounts of literature-based information, allowing them to generate context without relying on external sources. In this paper, we propose a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Umar Ali Khan , Ekram Khan , Fiza Khan , Athar Ali Moinuddin

Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) has proven effective for efficient LLM evaluation on multiple-choice benchmarks, but modern LLM evaluation increasingly relies on generation tasks where outputs are scored continuously rather than marked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Esma Balkır , Alice Pernthaller , Marco Basaldella , José Hernández-Orallo , Nigel Collier

Many datasets suffer from missing values due to various reasons,which not only increases the processing difficulty of related tasks but also reduces the accuracy of classification. To address this problem, the mainstream approach is to use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Cong Guo , Chun Liu , Wei Yang

This study explores the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into the grading and appeal resolution process in computer science education. We introduce AI-PAT, an AI-powered assessment tool that leverages LLMs to evaluate computer…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-21 I. Aytutuldu , O. Yol , Y. S. Akgul

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated evaluators of AI systems, including in high-stakes applications. In this role, LLMs are used to generate judgments about the quality, appropriateness, or even safety of model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jane Paik Kim

This study introduces Knowledge Augmented Question Generation (KAQG), an educational assessment framework that integrates Item Response Theory, abbreviated as IRT, Bloom's Taxonomy, and knowledge graphs into a multi-agent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ching Han Chen , Ming Fang Shiu

The rapid release of both language models and benchmarks makes it increasingly costly to evaluate every model on every dataset. In practice, models are often evaluated on different samples, making scores difficult to compare across studies.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Eliya Habba , Itay Itzhak , Asaf Yehudai , Yotam Perlitz , Elron Bandel , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer , Leshem Choshen , Gabriel Stanovsky

This paper presents a machine learning approach to multidimensional item response theory (MIRT), a class of latent factor models that can be used to model and predict student performance from observed assessment data. Inspired by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-08 Yoav Bergner , Peter F. Halpin , Jill-Jênn Vie

The use of large language model (LLM)-powered chatbots, such as ChatGPT, has become popular across various domains, supporting a range of tasks and processes. However, due to the intrinsic complexity of LLMs, effective prompting is more…

AI generated content (AIGC) presents considerable challenge to educators around the world. Instructors need to be able to detect such text generated by large language models, either with the naked eye or with the help of some tools. There…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Yikang Liu , Ziyin Zhang , Wanyang Zhang , Shisen Yue , Xiaojing Zhao , Xinyuan Cheng , Yiwen Zhang , Hai Hu

While recent research has explored AI tools' ability to classify the quality of mathematical tasks (arXiv:2603.03512), little is known about their capacity to increase the quality of existing tasks. This study investigated whether AI tools…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Danielle S. Fox , Brenda L. Robles , Elizabeth DiPietro Brovey , Christian D. Schunn

Imputation methods for dealing with incomplete data typically assume that the missingness mechanism is at random (MAR). These methods can also be applied to missing not at random (MNAR) situations, where the user specifies some adjustment…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-24 Shahab Jolani , Stef van Buuren

This study investigates the efficacy of large language models (LLMs) as tools for grading master-level student essays. Utilizing a sample of 60 essays in political science, the study compares the accuracy of grades suggested by the GPT-4…

General Economics · Economics 2024-06-25 Magnus Lundgren

Automatic essay grading (AEG) has attracted the the attention of the NLP community because of its applications to several educational applications, such as scoring essays, short answers, etc. AEG systems can save significant time and money…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Maisha Maliha , Vishal Pramanik