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A Random Access query to a string $T\in [0..\sigma)^n$ asks for the character $T[i]$ at a given position $i\in [0..n)$. In $O(n\log\sigma)$ bits of space, this fundamental task admits constant-time queries. While this is optimal in the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Anouk Duyster , Tomasz Kociumaka

At the present scenario of the internet, there exist many optimization techniques to improve the Web speed but almost expensive in terms of bandwidth. So after a long investigation on different techniques to compress the data without any…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-20 Hemant Kumar Saini , Satpal Singh Kushwaha , C. Rama Krishna

Offering rich contexts to Large Language Models (LLMs) has shown to boost the performance in various tasks, but the resulting longer prompt would increase the computational cost and might exceed the input limit of LLMs. Recently, some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Wenhao Mao , Chengbin Hou , Tianyu Zhang , Xinyu Lin , Ke Tang , Hairong Lv

We consider the problem of decompressing the Lempel--Ziv 77 representation of a string $S$ of length $n$ using a working space as close as possible to the size $z$ of the input. The folklore solution for the problem runs in $O(n)$ time but…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Philip Bille , Mikko Berggren Ettienne , Travis Gagie , Inge Li Gørtz , Nicola Prezza

Advances in DNA sequencing technology will soon result in databases of thousands of genomes. Within a species, individuals' genomes are almost exact copies of each other; e.g., any two human genomes are 99.9% the same. Relative Lempel-Ziv…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-11-08 Travis Gagie , Juha Kärkkäinen , Yakov Nekrich , Simon J. Puglisi

The compression-complexity trade-off of lossy compression algorithms that are based on a random codebook or a random database is examined. Motivated, in part, by recent results of Gupta-Verd\'{u}-Weissman (GVW) and their underlying…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-04-23 Chris Gioran , Ioannis Kontoyiannis

Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has an established reputation as a useful data analysis technique in numerous applications. However, its usage in practical situations is undergoing challenges in recent years. The fundamental factor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-04 Mariano Tepper , Guillermo Sapiro

We propose a flexible and theoretically supported framework for scalable nonnegative matrix factorization. The goal is to find nonnegative low-rank components directly from compressed measurements, accessing the original data only once or…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Abraar Chaudhry , Elizaveta Rebrova

What learning algorithms can be run directly on compressively-sensed data? In this work, we consider the question of accurately and efficiently computing low-rank matrix or tensor factorizations given data compressed via random projections.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Vatsal Sharan , Kai Sheng Tai , Peter Bailis , Gregory Valiant

Tokenization efficiency plays a critical role in the performance and cost of large language models (LLMs), yet most models rely on static tokenizers optimized on general-purpose corpora. These tokenizers' fixed vocabularies often fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Saibo Geng , Nathan Ranchin , Yunzhen yao , Maxime Peyrard , Chris Wendler , Michael Gastpar , Robert West

We present frequency-ordered tokenization, a simple preprocessing technique that improves lossless text compression by exploiting the power-law frequency distribution of natural language tokens (Zipf's law). The method tokenizes text with…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Maximilian Kalcher

In this paper, we show that the LZ77 factorization of a text T {\in\Sigma^n} can be computed in O(R log n) bits of working space and O(n log R) time, R being the number of runs in the Burrows-Wheeler transform of T reversed. For extremely…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-10-22 Nicola Prezza , Alberto Policriti

In grammar-based compression a string is represented by a context-free grammar, also called a straight-line program (SLP), that generates only that string. We refine a recent balancing result stating that one can transform an SLP of size…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Moses Ganardi

The paper introduces a new lossless, highly robust compression algorithm that similar with LZW algorithm, yet the algorithm discards dictionary processing and uses irregular sequences with massive, random information instead. Then the paper…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-24 Rui Zhu

Grammar-based compression, where one replaces a long string by a small context-free grammar that generates the string, is a simple and powerful paradigm that captures many popular compression schemes. Given a grammar, the random access…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Philip Bille , Anders Roy Christiansen , Patrick Hagge Cording , Inge Li Gørtz

Error-bounded lossy compression is one of the most efficient solutions to reduce the volume of scientific data. For lossy compression, progressive decompression and random-access decompression are critical features that enable on-demand…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Daoce Wang , Pascal Grosset , Jesus Pulido , Jiannan Tian , Tushar M. Athawale , Jinda Jia , Baixi Sun , Boyuan Zhang , Sian Jin , Kai Zhao , James Ahrens , Fengguang Song

The increasing size of transformer-based models in NLP makes the question of compressing them important. In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of factorization based model compression techniques. Specifically, we focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Ashim Gupta , Sina Mahdipour Saravani , P. Sadayappan , Vivek Srikumar

In this report, a new fuzzy 2bit-AND parallel-to-OR, or simply, a fuzzy binary AND/OR (FBAR) text data compression model as an algorithm is suggested for bettering spatial locality limits on nodes during database transactions. The current…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Philip B. Alipour

A factorization $f_1, \ldots, f_m$ of a string $w$ of length $n$ is called a repetition factorization of $w$ if $f_i$ is a repetition, i.e., $f_i$ is a form of $x^kx'$, where $x$ is a non-empty string, $x'$ is a (possibly-empty) proper…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Yuki Yonemoto , Shunsuke Inenaga

Grammar compression is, next to Lempel-Ziv (LZ77) and run-length Burrows-Wheeler transform (RLBWT), one of the most flexible approaches to representing and processing highly compressible strings. The main idea is to represent a text as a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Dominik Kempa , Ben Langmead