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AI data centers are increasingly becoming tightly coupled compute--energy systems, where workload placement, cooling demand, electricity procurement, storage operation, and carbon emissions interact over time. This paper studies…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Johnny R. Zhang , Gaoyuan Du , Qianyi Sun , Shiqi Wang , Jiaxuan Li , Xian Sun

Cloud data centers face increasing pressure to reduce operational energy consumption as big data workloads continue to grow in scale and complexity. This paper presents a workload aware and energy efficient scheduling framework that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Milan Parikh , Aniket Abhishek Soni , Sneja Mitinbhai Shah , Ayush Raj Jha

The proliferation of latency-critical and compute-intensive edge applications is driving increases in computing demand and carbon emissions at the edge. To better understand carbon emissions at the edge, we analyze granular carbon intensity…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Li Wu , Walid A. Hanafy , Abel Souza , Khai Nguyen , Jan Harkes , David Irwin , Mahadev Satyanarayanan , Prashant Shenoy

The energy consumption of deep learning models is increasing at a breathtaking rate, which raises concerns due to potential negative effects on carbon neutrality in the context of global warming and climate change. With the progress of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Bo Li , Xinyang Jiang , Donglin Bai , Yuge Zhang , Ningxin Zheng , Xuanyi Dong , Lu Liu , Yuqing Yang , Dongsheng Li

The rapid growth in demand for HPC systems has led to a rise in carbon footprint, which requires urgent intervention. In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of the carbon footprint of high-performance computing (HPC) systems,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Baolin Li , Rohan Basu Roy , Daniel Wang , Siddharth Samsi , Vijay Gadepally , Devesh Tiwari

The carbon footprint of algorithms must be measured and transparently reported so computer scientists can take an honest and active role in environmental sustainability. In this paper, we take analyses usually applied at the industrial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Kadan Lottick , Silvia Susai , Sorelle A. Friedler , Jonathan P. Wilson

The rapid rise in cloud computing has resulted in an alarming increase in data centers' carbon emissions, which now accounts for >3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating immediate steps to combat their mounting strain on the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Shiyu Wang , Yinbo Sun , Xiaoming Shi , Shiyi Zhu , Lin-Tao Ma , James Zhang , Yifei Zheng , Jian Liu

This survey article reviews the challenges associated with deploying and optimizing big data applications and machine learning algorithms in cloud data centers and networks. The MapReduce programming model and its widely-used open-source…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Sanaa Hamid Mohamed , Taisir E. H. El-Gorashi , Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani

Recent improvements in energy efficiency and renewable energy integration have increased the relative importance of embodied carbon in data centers, motivating improved provisioning strategies. Conventional approaches primarily minimize…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Shixin Ji , Zhuoping Yang , Xingzhen Chen , Alex K. Jones , Peipei Zhou

AI data centers (AIDCs) are rapidly increasing electricity demand and associated CO2 emissions, yet they also generate continuous low-grade waste heat. Here, we assess whether this heat can be upgraded by heat pumps to drive direct air…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Zhicong Fang , Boyu Zhang , Jin Shang , Jiaze Ma

Barroso's seminal contributions in energy-proportional warehouse-scale computing launched an era where modern datacenters have become more energy efficient and cost effective than ever before. At the same time, modern AI applications have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Carole-Jean Wu , Bilge Acun , Ramya Raghavendra , Kim Hazelwood

The retirement of unabated coal power plants, the plummeting cost of renewable energy technologies, along with more aggressive public policies and regulatory reforms, are occurring at an unprecedented speed to decarbonize the power and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-19 Jian Shi , Dan Wang , Chenye Wu , Zhu Han

The demand in computing power has never stopped growing over the years. Today, the performance of the most powerful systems exceeds the exascale and the number of petascale systems continues to grow. Unfortunately, this growth also goes…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Abdessalam Benhari , Denis Trystram , Fanny Dufossé , Yves Denneulin , Frédéric Desprez

Climate change is a critical concern for HPC systems, but GHG protocol carbon-emission accounting methodologies are difficult for a single system, and effectively infeasible for a collection of systems. As a result, there is no HPC-wide…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Varsha Rao , Andrew A. Chien

Currently, massive video tasks are processed by edge-cloud collaboration. However, the diversity of task requirements and the dynamics of resources pose great challenges to efficient inference, resulting in many wasted resources. In this…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Zheming Yang , Wen Ji , Qi Guo , Dieli Hu , Chang Zhao , Xiaowei Li , Xuanlei Zhao , Yi Zhao , Chaoyu Gong , Yang You

As large-scale data processing workloads continue to grow, their carbon footprint raises concerns. Prior research on carbon-aware schedulers has focused on shifting computation to align with availability of low-carbon energy, but these…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Adam Lechowicz , Rohan Shenoy , Noman Bashir , Mohammad Hajiesmaili , Adam Wierman , Christina Delimitrou

The technology industry promotes artificial intelligence (AI) as a key enabler to solve a vast number of problems, including the environmental crisis. However, when looking at the emissions of datacenters from worldwide service providers,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 François Rottenberg , Thomas Feys , Liesbet Van der Perre

The proliferation of software and AI comes with a hidden risk: its growing energy and carbon footprint. As concerns regarding environmental sustainability come to the forefront, understanding and optimizing how software impacts the…

There has been a significant societal push towards sustainable practices, including in computing. Modern interactive workloads such as geo-distributed web-services exhibit various spatiotemporal and performance flexibility, enabling the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Abel Souza , Shruti Jasoria , Basundhara Chakrabarty , Alexander Bridgwater , Axel Lundberg , Filip Skogh , Ahmed Ali-Eldin , David Irwin , Prashant Shenoy

Realizing a shared responsibility between providers and consumers is critical to manage the sustainability of HPC. However, while cost may motivate efficiency improvements by infrastructure operators, broader progress is impeded by a lack…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Alok Kamatar , Maxime Gonthier , Valerie Hayot-Sasson , Andre Bauer , Marcin Copik , Torsten Hoefler , Raul Castro Fernandez , Kyle Chard , Ian Foster