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The exponential increase in the number of malicious threats on computer networks and Internet services due to a large number of attacks makes the network security at continuous risk. One of the most prevalent network attacks that threaten…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-09-10 Ghazi Al-Naymat , Mouhammd Al-kasassbeh , Eshraq Al-Hawari

This survey systematizes the evolution of network intrusion detection systems (NIDS), from conventional methods such as signature-based and neural network (NN)-based approaches to recent integrations with large language models (LLMs). It…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yaokai Feng , Kouichi Sakurai

Machine learning based network intrusion detection systems are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that degrade classification performance under both gradient-based and distribution shift threat models. Existing defenses typically apply…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Oluseyi Olukola , Nick Rahimi

Machine learning (ML), especially deep learning (DL) techniques have been increasingly used in anomaly-based network intrusion detection systems (NIDS). However, ML/DL has shown to be extremely vulnerable to adversarial attacks, especially…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Dongqi Han , Zhiliang Wang , Ying Zhong , Wenqi Chen , Jiahai Yang , Shuqiang Lu , Xingang Shi , Xia Yin

Machine-learning based intrusion detection classifiers are able to detect unknown attacks, but at the same time, they may be susceptible to evasion by obfuscation techniques. An adversary intruder which possesses a crucial knowledge about a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Ivan Homoliak , Martin Teknos , Martín Ochoa , Dominik Breitenbacher , Saeid Hosseini , Petr Hanacek

Network intrusion detection, a well-explored cybersecurity field, has predominantly relied on supervised learning algorithms in the past two decades. However, their limitations in detecting only known anomalies prompt the exploration of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Hamed Fard , Tobias Schalau , Gerhard Wunder

In 5G networks, the Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) is considered a promising future architecture in terms of minimizing energy consumption and allocating resources efficiently by providing real-time cloud infrastructures, cooperative…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Marouane Hachimi , Georges Kaddoum , Ghyslain Gagnon , Poulmanogo Illy

Network attack is a significant security issue for modern society. From small mobile devices to large cloud platforms, almost all computing products, used in our daily life, are networked and potentially under the threat of network…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Peilun Wu , Hui Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized various fields with their exceptional capabilities in understanding, processing, and generating human-like text. This paper investigates the potential of LLMs in advancing Network Intrusion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Shuo Yang , Xinran Zheng , Xinchen Zhang , Jinfeng Xu , Jinze Li , Donglin Xie , Weicai Long , Edith C. H. Ngai

With the recent progress of information technology, the use of networked information systems has rapidly expanded. Electronic commerce and electronic payments between banks and companies, and online shopping and social networking services…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Koichi Bando , Kenji Tanaka

Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) play an important role as tools for identifying potential network threats. In the context of ever-increasing traffic volume on computer networks, flow-based NIDS arise as good solutions for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Camila Pontes , Manuela Souza , João Gondim , Matt Bishop , Marcelo Marotta

The Internet has become a prime subject to security attacks and intrusions by attackers. These attacks can lead to system malfunction, network breakdown, data corruption or theft. A network intrusion detection system (IDS) is a tool used…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Tanwir Ahmad , Dragos Truscan , Juri Vain , Ivan Porres

The growing complexity of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and challenges in ensuring safety and security have led to the increasing use of deep learning methods for accurate and scalable anomaly detection. However, machine learning (ML) models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Xugui Zhou , Maxfield Kouzel , Homa Alemzadeh

Anomaly detection in surveillance videos is currently a challenge because of the diversity of possible events. We propose a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that addresses this problem by learning a correspondence between common…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Trong Nguyen Nguyen , Jean Meunier

Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks remain a serious threat to online infrastructure, often bypassing detection by altering traffic in subtle ways. We present a method using hive-plot sequences of network data and a 3D…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Landon Bragg , Nathan Dorsey , Josh Prior , John Ajit , Ben Kim , Nate Willis , Pablo Rivas

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) built on artificial intelligence (AI) are presented as latent mechanisms for actively detecting fresh attacks over a complex network. Although review papers are used the systematic review or simple methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Ziadoon K. Maseer , Robiah Yusof , Baidaa Al-Bander , Abdu Saif , Qusay Kanaan Kadhim

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks remain a persistent threat to the availability of Internet services, edge networks, and cyber-physical infrastructure. Although recent AI-security work has increasingly focused on foundation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Vedanth Ramanathan , Krish Mahadevan , Sejal Dua

Modern vehicles rely on electronic control units (ECUs) interconnected through the Controller Area Network (CAN), making in-vehicle communication a critical security concern. Machine learning (ML)-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Nirab Hossain , Pablo Moriano

With the development of autonomous vehicle technology, the controller area network (CAN) bus has become the de facto standard for an in-vehicle communication system because of its simplicity and efficiency. However, without any encryption…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Thien-Nu Hoang , Daehee Kim

In recent years, numerous large-scale cyberattacks have exploited Internet of Things (IoT) devices, a phenomenon that is expected to escalate with the continuing proliferation of IoT technology. Despite considerable efforts in attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Alaeddine Diaf , Abdelaziz Amara Korba , Nour Elislem Karabadji , Yacine Ghamri-Doudane